{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T20:53:20Z","timestamp":1787691200959,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment. Although several studies have shown that ICIs have a better safety profile than chemotherapy, some patients develop immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which require specialized and multidisciplinary management. Since ICI indications are rapidly increasing, it is crucial that clinicians involved in cancer care learn to identify irAEs and manage them properly. Here, we report a case series of 23 patients with severe irAEs requiring hospitalization over a period of 12 months and seize the opportunity to review and update different general features related to irAEs along with the management of the most frequent severe irAEs in our series.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12092116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]],"date-time":"2022-08-31T23:53:21Z","timestamp":1661990001000},"page":"2116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Severe Immune-Related Adverse Events: A Case Series of Patients Needing Hospital Admission in a Spanish Oncology Referral Center and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7770-9825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elia","family":"Segu\u00ed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3838-0809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carles","family":"Zamora-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanny Daniela","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3354-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Padrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Viladot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Marco-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Medical Intensive Care Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar4060","article-title":"Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade","volume":"359","author":"Ribas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2021.1973431","article-title":"First-line immune checkpoint inhibitor-based combinations in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Current management and future challenges","volume":"15","author":"Rizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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