{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:25:05Z","timestamp":1793924705060,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GE Healthcare"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gallium-68 (68Ga) is characterized by relatively high positron energy compared to Fluorine-18 (18F), causing substantial image quality degradation. Furthermore, the presence of statistical noise can further degrade image quality. The aim of this literature review is to identify the recently developed positron range correction techniques for 68Ga, as well as noise reduction methods to enhance the image quality of low count 68Ga PET imaging. The search engines PubMed and Scopus were employed, and we limited our research to published results from January 2010 until 1 August 2022. Positron range correction was achieved by using either deblurring or deep learning approaches. The proposed techniques improved the image quality and, in some cases, achieved an image quality comparable to 18F PET. However, none of these techniques was validated in clinical studies. PET denoising for 68Ga-labeled radiotracers was reported using either reconstruction-based techniques or deep learning approaches. It was demonstrated that both approaches can substantially enhance the image quality by reducing the noise levels of low count 68Ga PET imaging. The combination of 68Ga-specific positron range correction techniques and image denoising approaches may enable the application of low-count, high-quality 68Ga PET imaging in a clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1664313807000},"page":"2335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Positron Range Corrections and Denoising Techniques for Gallium-68 PET Imaging: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prodromos","family":"Gavriilidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5862-640X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Koole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Annunziata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nuclear Medicine, TracerGLab, Department of Radiology, Radiotherapy and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7212-6521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix M.","family":"Mottaghy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9955-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roel","family":"Wierts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"School for Oncology and Reproduction (GROW), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-017-3728-y","article-title":"Guideline for PET\/CT imaging of neuroendocrine neoplasms with 68Ga-DOTA-conjugated somatostatin receptor targeting peptides and 18F\u2013DOPA","volume":"44","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. 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