{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:42:30Z","timestamp":1790401350863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003447","name":"State Scholarships Foundation of Greece (IKY)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MIS-5000432"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIS-5000432"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The multidimensional effect of aging on cognition and its interference with daily functioning is well reported by many studies. Therefore, the ability to detect age-related cognitive changes is of great importance for older adults to help compensate for cognitive decline. For that, metacognition and its course of change across the lifespan of a person have attracted considerable scientific interest. The aim of the present study is to present three new self-report questionnaires, developed to measure older adults\u2019 metacognitive knowledge for everyday memory (MKEM), metacognitive knowledge for everyday attention (MKEA), and metacognitive knowledge for everyday executive functions (MKEEFs). The questionnaires were tested for structural validity and reliability. A sample size of 171 community-dwelling adults of advancing age (97 females and 74 males) voluntarily participated in this study and their ages ranged from 50 to 82 years (mean = 59.32, SD = 7.39). Exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis with varimax rotation was applied to examine structural validity. The results revealed a one-factor structure for the MKEM with high internal consistency (\u03b1 = 0.88), a two-factor structure for the MKEA, that reflected \u201cdivided and shifted attention\u201d (\u03b1 = 0.74) and \u201cconcentration\u201d (\u03b1 = 0.75), and a two-factor structure for the MKEEFs that reflected \u201cplanning\u201d (\u03b1 = 0.70) and \u201cinhibition\u201d (\u03b1 = 0.65). The variables created for each factor respectively showed significant positive correlations between each other.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T01:52:21Z","timestamp":1665193941000},"page":"2410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Metacognitive Scales: Assessing Metacognitive Knowledge in Older Adults Using Everyday Life Scenarios"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Grigoria","family":"Bampa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Section of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRIAUTH), Balkan Center, Buildings A & B, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Despina","family":"Kouroglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Section of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiota","family":"Metallidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Section of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2072-8010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalini","family":"Tsolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRIAUTH), Balkan Center, Buildings A & B, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Greek Association of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders (GAADRD), 54643 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Kougioumtzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Turkish and Modern Asian Studies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Papantoniou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0380-2220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Sofologi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Early Childhood Education, School of Education, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences, University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0527-7143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Despina","family":"Moraitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychology, Section of Cognitive and Experimental Psychology, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRIAUTH), Balkan Center, Buildings A & B, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.34.10.906","article-title":"Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive-developmental inquiry","volume":"34","author":"Flavell","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. 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