{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T10:53:48Z","timestamp":1790420028827,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The diagnostic process that allows pronator syndrome to be differentiated reliably from carpal tunnel syndrome remains a challenge for clinicians, as evidenced by the most common cause of pronator syndrome misdiagnosis: carpal tunnel syndrome. Pronator syndrome can be caused by compression of the median nerve as it passes through the anatomical structures of the forearm, while carpal tunnel syndrome refers to one particular topographic area within which compression occurs, the carpal tunnel. The present narrative review is a complex clinical comparison of the two syndromes with their anatomical backgrounds involving topographical relationships, morphology, clinical picture, differential diagnosis, and therapeutic options. It discusses the most frequently used diagnostic techniques and their correct interpretations. Its main goal is to provide an up-to-date picture of the current understanding of the disease processes and their etiologies, to establish an appropriate diagnosis, and introduce relevant treatment benefiting the patient.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T20:43:21Z","timestamp":1665261801000},"page":"2433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["How to Differentiate Pronator Syndrome from Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Comprehensive Clinical Comparison"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1168-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian Andrzej","family":"Balcerzak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacper","family":"Ruzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard Shane","family":"Tubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Ochsner Neuroscience Institute, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George\u2019s University, St. George FZ818, Grenada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9706-7396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Konschake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Functional Anatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, TIR 6020, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4513-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Podg\u00f3rski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3573-2386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Borowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedics and Pediatric Orthopaedics Department, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6051-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Drobniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedics and Pediatric Orthopaedics Department, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6414-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Olewnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"623","article-title":"Median Nerve Anatomy and Entrapment Syndromes: A Review","volume":"63","author":"Wertsch","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. 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