{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:21:53Z","timestamp":1784679713398,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)"},{"name":"NMRC clinician-scientist individual research grant new investigator grant (CS-IRG NIG)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 50-year-old woman with no past medical history presented with a left anterior chest wall mass that was clinically soft, mobile, and non-tender. A targeted ultrasound (US) showed findings suggestive of a lipoma. However, focal \u201cmass-like\u201d nodules seen within the inferior portion suggested malignant transformation of a lipomatous lesion called for cross sectional imaging, such as MRI or invasive biopsy or excision for histological confirmation. A T1-weighted image demonstrated a large lipoma that has a central fat-containing region surrounded by an irregular hypointense rim in the inferior portion, confirming the benignity of the lipoma. An ultrasound-guided photoacoustic imaging (PA) of the excised specimen to derive the biochemical distribution demonstrated the \u201cmass-like\u201d hypoechoic regions on US as fat-containing, suggestive of benignity of lesion, rather than fat-replacing suggestive of malignancy. The case showed the potential of PA as an adjunct to US in improving the diagnostic confidence in lesion characterization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T22:18:13Z","timestamp":1665526693000},"page":"2456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Photoacoustic Tomography Appearance of Fat Necrosis: A First-in-Human Demonstration of Biochemical Signatures along with Histological Correlation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3149-0295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yonggeng","family":"Goh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghayathri","family":"Balasundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering & Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4833-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui Min","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Choudary","family":"Putti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celene Wei Qi","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7173-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renzhe","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering & Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siau Wei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaik Ahmad","family":"Buhari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael","family":"Hartman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching Wan","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Breast Surgery, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Ting","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malini","family":"Olivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Biophotonics Laboratory, Institute of Bioengineering & Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology & Research, 11 Biopolis Way, #02-02 Helios, Singapore 138667, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swee Tian","family":"Quek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Genova, R., and Garza, R.F. (2022). Breast Fat Necrosis, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.181.4.1810955","article-title":"Imaging features of fat necrosis","volume":"181","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.1250","article-title":"The many faces of fat necrosis in the breast","volume":"192","author":"Taboada","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2003.22.12.1387","article-title":"Subcutaneous fat necrosis: Hypoechoic appearance on sonography","volume":"22","author":"Fernando","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1098\/rsfs.2011.0028","article-title":"Biomedical photoacoustic imaging","volume":"1","author":"Beard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Interface Focus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2018.05.001","article-title":"Photoacoustic tomography of blood oxygenation: A mini review","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6912","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-3200","article-title":"Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT) of Human Breast Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Diot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2020.100164","article-title":"Optoacoustic characterization of breast conserving surgery specimens\u2014A pilot study","volume":"19","author":"Balasundaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202000162","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202000162","article-title":"Reliability assessment on intravascular photoacoustic imaging of lipid: Ex vivo animal and human sample validation","volume":"13","author":"Lei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.04.053","article-title":"Characterization of lipid-rich aortic plaques by intravascular photoacoustic tomography: Ex vivo and in vivo validation in a rabbit atherosclerosis model with histologic correlation","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2022.100377","article-title":"Biochemical \u201cdecoding\u201d of breast ultrasound images with optoacoustic tomography fusion: First-in-human display of lipid and collagen signals on breast ultrasound","volume":"27","author":"Goh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0669-y","article-title":"Detection of collagens by multispectral optoacoustic tomography as an imaging biomarker for Duchenne muscular dystrophy","volume":"25","author":"Regensburger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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