{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:43Z","timestamp":1787027923624,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Korea University College of Medicine","award":["K2209721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2209721"]}]},{"name":"Korea University College of Medicine","award":["HI21C156001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI21C156001"]}]},{"name":"Korea University College of Medicine","award":["HI22C1302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C1302"]}]},{"name":"Korea University College of Medicine","award":["20001533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20001533"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K2209721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2209721"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI21C156001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI21C156001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI22C1302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C1302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20001533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20001533"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project","award":["K2209721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2209721"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project","award":["HI21C156001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI21C156001"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project","award":["HI22C1302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C1302"]}]},{"name":"Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project","award":["20001533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20001533"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea, and the Technology Innovation Program","award":["K2209721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2209721"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea, and the Technology Innovation Program","award":["HI21C156001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI21C156001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea, and the Technology Innovation Program","award":["HI22C1302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C1302"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare of South Korea, and the Technology Innovation Program","award":["20001533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20001533"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy of South Korea","award":["K2209721"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K2209721"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy of South Korea","award":["HI21C156001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI21C156001"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy of South Korea","award":["HI22C1302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C1302"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry &amp; Energy of South Korea","award":["20001533"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20001533"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study reviews the recent progress of explainable artificial intelligence for the early diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease (GID). The source of data was eight original studies in PubMed. The search terms were \u201cgastrointestinal\u201d (title) together with \u201crandom forest\u201d or \u201dexplainable artificial intelligence\u201d (abstract). The eligibility criteria were the dependent variable of GID or a strongly associated disease, the intervention(s) of artificial intelligence, the outcome(s) of accuracy and\/or the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), the outcome(s) of variable importance and\/or the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP), a publication year of 2020 or later, and the publication language of English. The ranges of performance measures were reported to be 0.70\u20130.98 for accuracy, 0.04\u20130.25 for sensitivity, and 0.54\u20130.94 for the AUC. The following factors were discovered to be top-10 predictors of gastrointestinal bleeding in the intensive care unit: mean arterial pressure (max), bicarbonate (min), creatinine (max), PMN, heart rate (mean), Glasgow Coma Scale, age, respiratory rate (mean), prothrombin time (max) and aminotransferase aspartate (max). In a similar vein, the following variables were found to be top-10 predictors for the intake of almond, avocado, broccoli, walnut, whole-grain barley, and\/or whole-grain oat: Roseburia undefined, Lachnospira spp., Oscillibacter undefined, Subdoligranulum spp., Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophiles, Parabacteroides distasonis, Roseburia spp., Anaerostipes spp., Lachnospiraceae ND3007 group undefined, and Ruminiclostridium spp. Explainable artificial intelligence provides an effective, non-invasive decision support system for the early diagnosis of GID.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T02:03:58Z","timestamp":1668045838000},"page":"2740","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Explainable Artificial Intelligence in the Early Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0576-0098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kwang-Sig","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AI Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1820-459X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins Medicine (2022, September 28). 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