{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T04:27:29Z","timestamp":1767155249325,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JR19\/00006","PI11\/02430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR19\/00006","PI11\/02430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Government of Aragon","award":["JR19\/00006","PI11\/02430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR19\/00006","PI11\/02430"]}]},{"name":"Operational Program \u201cSubdirecci\u00f3n General de Evaluaci\u00f3n y Fomento de la Investigaci\u00f3n y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) Arag\u00f3n 2014\u20132020\u201d","award":["JR19\/00006","PI11\/02430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JR19\/00006","PI11\/02430"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify the different brain phenotypes within apparently healthy children and to evaluate whether these phenotypes had different prenatal characteristics. We included 65 healthy children (mean age, 10 years old) with normal neurological examinations and without structural abnormalities. We performed cluster analyses to identify the different brain phenotypes in the brain MRI images. We performed descriptive analyses, including demographic and perinatal characteristics, to assess the differences between the clusters. We identified two clusters: Cluster 1, or the \u201csmall brain phenotype\u201d (n = 44), which was characterized by a global reduction in the brain volumes, with smaller total intracranial volumes (1044.53 \u00b1 68.37 vs. 1200.87 \u00b1 65.92 cm3 (p &lt; 0.001)), total grey-matter volumes (644.65 \u00b1 38.85 vs. 746.79 \u00b1 39.37 cm3 (p &lt; 0.001)), and total white-matter volumes (383.68 \u00b1 40.17 vs. 443.55 \u00b1 36.27 cm3 (p &lt; 0.001)), compared with Cluster 2, or the \u201cnormal brain phenotype\u201d (n = 21). Moreover, almost all the brain areas had decreased volumes, except for the ventricles, caudate nuclei, and pallidum areas. The risk of belonging to \u201cthe small phenotype\u201d was 82% if the child was preterm, 76% if he\/she was born small for his\/her gestational age and up to 80% if the mother smoked during the pregnancy. However, preterm birth appears to be the only substantially significant risk factor associated with decreased brain volumes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T02:03:58Z","timestamp":1668045838000},"page":"2748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Different Brain Phenotypes in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Healthy Children after Prenatal Insults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cristina","family":"Paules","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Avenida San Juan Bosco 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragon), Avenida San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Evaluaci\u00f3n y Fomento de la Investigaci\u00f3n y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Plaza de Cruces, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3739-8473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"P\u00e9rez Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragon), Avenida San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo Isabel la Cat\u00f3lica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragon), Avenida San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Radiolology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo Isabel la Cat\u00f3lica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Fayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department, Quir\u00f3nsalud Hospital, Mariano Renovales, 50006 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graci\u00e1n","family":"Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Ingenier\u00eda Biom\u00e9dica, Hospital Quir\u00f3nsalud, Blasco Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez 14, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERSAM, Institute of Health Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier L\u00f3pez","family":"Pis\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropediatrics Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo Isabel la Cat\u00f3lica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Oros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Obstetrics Department, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Avenida San Juan Bosco 15, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragon), Avenida San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Evaluaci\u00f3n y Fomento de la Investigaci\u00f3n y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Plaza de Cruces, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1777-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Pueyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aragon Institute of Health Research (IIS Aragon), Avenida San Juan Bosco 13, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Salud Materno Infantil y del Desarrollo (SAMID), RETICS, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Subdirecci\u00f3n General de Evaluaci\u00f3n y Fomento de la Investigaci\u00f3n y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Plaza de Cruces, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Paseo Isabel la Cat\u00f3lica 1-3, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)91340-1","article-title":"Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales","volume":"1","author":"Barker","year":"1986","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.301.6761.1111","article-title":"The fetal and infant origins of adult disease","volume":"301","author":"Barker","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ Br. 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