{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:50:00Z","timestamp":1760244600240,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gilead Sciences Srl","award":["Project \u201cFellowship Program 2017\u201d entitled \u201cValutazione epidemiologica e monitoraggio dell\u2019infezione da HBV e HCV, in pazienti affetti da Lupus Eritematoso Sistemico mediante un nuovo modello di screening integrato dall\u2019analisi filogenetica\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Project \u201cFellowship Program 2017\u201d entitled \u201cValutazione epidemiologica e monitoraggio dell\u2019infezione da HBV e HCV, in pazienti affetti da Lupus Eritematoso Sistemico mediante un nuovo modello di screening integrato dall\u2019analisi filogenetica\u201d"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious global health problem. Patients with autoimmune diseases, such as Lupus Erythematosus, are exposed to a higher risk of acquiring infections. In this study, a molecular characterization, genomic investigation of the Hepatitis B virus, polymerase (P) and surface (S) genes, from a patient affected by Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE), was presented. Viral DNA was extracted from 200 \u03bcL of serum, and the HBV-DNA was amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the Platinum Taq DNA Polymerase. The PCR products were purified and sequencing reactions were performed. A phylogenetic analysis was performed through maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches. The HBV CLE isolate was classified as sub-genotype D3 and related to other Italian HBV D3 genomes, and some from foreign countries. No drug resistant mutations were identified. One mutation (a.a. 168 M) was located in the last part of the major hydrophilic region (MHR) of the surface antigen (HBsAg). Moreover, three sites (351G, 526Y, 578C) in the polymerase were exclusively present in the CLE patient. The mutations identified exclusively in the HBsAg of our CLE patient may have been selected because of the Lupus autoantibodies, which are characteristic in the Lupus autoimmune disease, using a possible molecular mimicry mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12112866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T03:11:21Z","timestamp":1669000281000},"page":"2866","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in a Patient with Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Umbertina","family":"Villano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elida","family":"Mataj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituti i Shendetit Publik (ISHP), Alessander Moisiu No. 80, Tirane, Albania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8543-6430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Dorrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Farchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmelo","family":"Pirone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Universit\u00e0, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catia","family":"Valdarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Equestre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Madonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3035-5510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Bruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Pisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunobiological Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Martina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunobiological Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Simeoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Immunobiological Research and Evaluation, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giancarlo","family":"Iaiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Aou Policlinico Umberto I, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Ciccozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Ciccaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Universit\u00e0, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fulvia","family":"Ceccarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lupus Clinic, Rheumatology, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche, Internistiche, Anestesiologiche e Cardiovascolari, Sapienza Universit\u00e0, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Lo Presti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanit\u00e0, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.061","article-title":"Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"142","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60220-8","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus 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