{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:20:20Z","timestamp":1777515620142,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in children is a rare condition. An increased incidence has been observed in the last few years due to several factors, such as increased survival in chronic conditions, especially chronic kidney disease (CKD), use of catheters, and increased sensitivity of diagnostic tools. VTE includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). VTE in children is associated with a two to six times higher mortality risk and a 5\u201310% prevalence of post-thrombotic syndrome. Overall, 5% of VTE episodes in children are associated with chronic kidney disease. The etiology of VTE in chronic kidney disease covers a wide range of pathologies. Various types of thrombotic complications may occur during long-term use of a chronic dialysis catheter. VTE occurs in 3% of children with nephrotic syndrome (NS). The risks for VTE and arterial thromboembolism (ATE) were particularly high in the first 6 months after the onset of NS. Other causes of VTE are graft rejection due to thrombosis of vascular anastomoses after kidney transplantation (3%) and autoimmune diseases (lupus nephritis, antiphospholipid syndrome). In this state-of-the-art overview, we have reviewed the physiologic and pathologic mechanisms underlying pediatric thrombosis and updated current diagnostic and treatment options, emphasizing personal experience as well.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12122931","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T02:25:36Z","timestamp":1669256736000},"page":"2931","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thrombosis in Chronic Kidney Disease in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Tudor Ilie","family":"Lazaruc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lavinia","family":"Bodescu Amancei Ionescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2640-8795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasile Valeriu","family":"Lupu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8056-1339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Muntean (Duicu)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics I, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures, 540088 Targu Mures, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxana Alexandra","family":"Bogos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Nephrology Division, St. Mary\u2019s Emergency Children Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgiana","family":"Scurtu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3937-7425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iuliana Magdalena","family":"Starcea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Nephrology Division, St. Mary\u2019s Emergency Children Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9825-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrith Crenguta","family":"Miron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Adriana","family":"Mocanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Nephrology Division, St. Mary\u2019s Emergency Children Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613830","article-title":"Derivation of a simple clinical model to categorize patients probability of pulmonary embolism: Increasing the models utility with the SimpliRED D-dimer","volume":"83","author":"Wells","year":"2000","journal-title":"Thromb. 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