{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T06:44:05Z","timestamp":1791873845030,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669334400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Static foot deformities, including hallux valgus, are common deformities. The subject under consideration is the role of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles working within muscular systems that shape the arches of the foot and the alignment of the toes. (2) Methods: Based on a literature review, the muscle systems were analyzed. The systems under consideration were as follows: \u201ctendon stirrup\u201d (system I); muscles complementary to the tendon stirrup (system II); \u201cfoot lever\u201d (system III); muscles complementary to system III (system IV); \u201creins of hallux\u201d (system V), a muscular system having distal inserts on the hallux. The shape of the foot arches was analyzed in this context. (3) Results: The correct arch architecture of the foot stabilized mainly by the extrinsic muscle systems determining the function of the intrinsic muscle systems of the foot is described. The proper function of muscular systems shaping the arches of the foot is a prerequisite for the proper function of muscles directly responsible for the alignment of the big toe (hallux) and other foot toes. (4) Conclusion: The action of muscles should be considered in groups (systems) because the action of the group of muscles results in the creation of a new quality of movement. The analysis of individual muscle-pulling forces, especially the moments of force in the weight-bearing foot, may lead to extremely incorrect conclusions. In pathological cases, the restoration of the correct arches of the foot guarantees the recovery of the correct function of the pulling forces of the foot muscles responsible for the physiological alignment of the hallux. This is especially important concerning conservative and surgical treatment of hallux valgus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12122945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]],"date-time":"2022-11-25T02:29:23Z","timestamp":1669343363000},"page":"2945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Muscular Systems and Their Influence on Foot Arches and Toes Alignment\u2014Towards the Proper Diagnosis and Treatment of Hallux Valgus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jacek","family":"Dygut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7e St., 31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4645-8730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Piwowar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 7e St., 31-034 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079301400204","article-title":"American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Women\u2019s Shoe Survey","volume":"14","author":"Frey","year":"1993","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079201300206","article-title":"The Effects of Wearing High Heeled Shoes on Pedal Pressure in Women","volume":"13","author":"Snow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dygut, J., Piwowar, P., Kogut, W., Boro\u0144, W., and Piwowar, M. (2018). The Transverse Arch Collapse Correction as a Path to Foot Toes Alignment. Bio-Algorithms Med.-Syst., 14.","DOI":"10.1515\/bams-2018-0014"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2013.10.007","article-title":"Hallux Valgus","volume":"98","author":"Hecht","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Huson, A. (1991). Functional Anatomy of the Foot and Ankle. Disorders of the Foot and Ankle: Medical and Surgical Treatment, Saunders."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Schunke, M., Schulte, E., and Schumacher, U. (2006). Prometeus Lern Atlas Der Anatomie Tom 1, Thieme."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Greisberg, J., and DiGiovanni, C. (2007). Core Knowledge in Orthopaedics: Foot and Ankle, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Nordin, M., and Frankel, H. (2012). Basic Biomechanics of the Musculoskeletal System, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Wolters Kluwer buisness."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080298","article-title":"Hallux Valgus and the First Metatarsal Arch Segment: A Theoretical Biomechanical Perspective","volume":"90","author":"Glasoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00197458","article-title":"Hallux Valgus, First Metatarsal Pronation and Collapse of the Medial Longitudinal Arch\u2014A Radiological Correlation","volume":"23","author":"Eustace","year":"1994","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B3.3997956","article-title":"The Myth of Muscle Balance","volume":"67","author":"Silver","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Ser. B"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1159\/000141121","article-title":"The Mechanics of the Foot. IV. The Action of Muscles on the Foot in Standing","volume":"27","author":"Hicks","year":"1956","journal-title":"Acta Anat"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Leo, T. (1904). Treatise on Human Anatomy, \u00c9diteur Octave Doin."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Bochenek, A., and Reicher, M. (2010). Anatomia Cz\u0142owieka. Tom 1, Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Hicks, J.H. (1954). The Mechanics of the Foot. The Mechanics of the Foot. II the Plantar Aponeurosis and the ARCH, Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"345","article-title":"The Mechanics of the foot. I the Joint","volume":"87","author":"Hicks","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.02.004","article-title":"Functional Units of the Human Foot","volume":"28","author":"Wolf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079401500307","article-title":"A Comprehensive Study of Pressure Distribution in the Ankle Joint with Inversion and Eversion","volume":"15","author":"Calhoun","year":"1994","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"41","article-title":"The Transverse Tarsal Joint and Its Control","volume":"16","author":"Elftman","year":"1960","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.1090800402","article-title":"Movements of the Subtalar and Transverse Tarsal Joints","volume":"80","author":"Manter","year":"1941","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2000.30.2.68","article-title":"Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction","volume":"30","author":"Geideman","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2007.036533","article-title":"Association between Foot Type and Tibial Stress Injuries: A Systematic Review","volume":"42","author":"Barnes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199507000-00022","article-title":"Dynamic Support of the Human Longitudinal Arch. A Biomechanical Evaluation","volume":"316","author":"Thordarson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kapandji, A. (2020). The Physiology of the Joints, Handspring Publishing. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Fick, R. (1911). Handbuch Der Anatomie Und Mechanik Der Gelenke, Jena Fischer."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/12\/2945\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:26:25Z","timestamp":1760145985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/12\/2945"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12122945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12122945","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]}}}