{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T00:17:47Z","timestamp":1792628267128,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione di Sardegna","award":["F74I19001010007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F74I19001010007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, due to the development of standardized diagnostic protocols associated with an improvement in the associated technology, the diagnosis of pelvic endometriosis using imaging is becoming a reality. In particular, transvaginal ultrasound and magnetic resonance are today the two imaging techniques that can accurately identify the majority of the phenotypes of endometriosis. This review focuses not only on these most common imaging modalities but also on some additional radiological techniques that were proposed for rectosigmoid colon endometriosis, such as double-contrast barium enema, rectal endoscopic ultrasonography, multidetector computed tomography enema, computed tomography colonography and positron emission tomography\u2013computed tomography with 16\u03b1-[18F]fluoro-17\u03b2-estradiol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12122960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T04:31:16Z","timestamp":1669609876000},"page":"2960","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Advances in Imaging for Assessing Pelvic Endometriosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1359-7155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Guerriero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrato di Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita (PMA) e Diagnostica Ostetrico-Ginecologica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria-Policlinico Duilio Casula, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ajossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrato di Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita (PMA) e Diagnostica Ostetrico-Ginecologica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria-Policlinico Duilio Casula, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariachiara","family":"Pagliuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico Universitario Duilio Casula, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4536-1489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonietta","family":"Borzacchelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico Universitario Duilio Casula, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Deiala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico Universitario Duilio Casula, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Health Sciences, Department of Medical, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Pilloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Integrato di Procreazione Medicalmente Assistita (PMA) e Diagnostica Ostetrico-Ginecologica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria-Policlinico Duilio Casula, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Taccori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Policlinico Universitario Duilio Casula, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5095-6981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Angela","family":"Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7682-3773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betlem","family":"Graupera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Hospital Universitari Dexeus, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Saba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria-Policlinico Duilio Casula, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9700-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Luis","family":"Alcazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00389-5","article-title":"Endometriosis is a chronic systemic disease: Clinical challenges and novel innovations","volume":"397","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2021.08.032","article-title":"An International Terminology for Endometriosis, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Tomassetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2017.12.026","article-title":"Isolated Ovarian Endometrioma: A History Between Myth and Reality","volume":"25","author":"Exacoustos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20150672","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20150672","article-title":"Extragenital endometriosis: Assessment with MR imaging. A pictorial review","volume":"89","author":"Menni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2019.10.004","article-title":"Extrapelvic Endometriosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"27","author":"Andres","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guerriero, S., Conway, F., and Pascual, M.A. (2020). Ultrasonography and Atypical Sites of Endometriosis. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10060345"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019190045","article-title":"Transvaginal US of Endometriosis: Looking Beyond the Endometrioma with a Dedicated Protocol","volume":"39","author":"Collins","year":"2019","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew113","article-title":"Age-related differences in the sonographic characteristics of endometriomas","volume":"31","author":"Guerriero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7668","article-title":"Endometriomas: Their ultrasound characteristics","volume":"35","author":"Guerriero","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"CD009591","article-title":"Imaging modalities for the non-invasive diagnosis of endome-triosis","volume":"2016","author":"Nisenblat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12911","article-title":"Multicentre retrospective study to assess diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for superficial endometriosis\u2014Are we any closer?","volume":"59","author":"Chowdary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/2284026518767259","article-title":"Poor sensitivity of transvaginal ultrasound markers in diagnosis of superficial endometriosis of the uterosacral ligaments","volume":"10","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Endometr. Pelvic Pain Disord."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2019.01.018","article-title":"The association between ultrasound-based \u2018soft markers\u2019 and endometriosis type\/location: A prospective observational study","volume":"234","author":"Reid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.08.051","article-title":"SonoPODography: A new diagnostic technique for visualizing superficial endometriosis","volume":"254","author":"Leonardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15955","article-title":"Systematic approach to sonographic evaluation of the pelvis in women with suspected endometriosis, including terms, definitions and measurements: A consensus opinion from the International Deep Endometriosis Analysis (IDEA) group","volume":"48","author":"Guerriero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20289","article-title":"Ultrasonographic soft markers for detection of rectosigmoid deep endometriosis","volume":"55","author":"Guerriero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24900","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of sliding sign for detecting pouch of Douglas obliteration and bowel involvement in women with suspected endometriosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Eguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2021.102208","article-title":"Role of ultrasonographic parameters for predicting tubal involvement in infertile patients affected by endometriosis: A ret-rospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Stepniewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14099","article-title":"The #Enzian classification: A comprehensive non-invasive and surgical description system for endometriosis","volume":"100","author":"Keckstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2021.102116","article-title":"Sonographic features of endometriosis infiltrating the lateral parametrium","volume":"50","author":"Mariani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Obstet. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/2284026520984364","article-title":"Value of sonography in assessing parametrial endometriotic involvement: Preliminary results","volume":"13","author":"Bazot","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endometr. Pelvic Pain Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13444","article-title":"Up or down? A randomized trial comparing image orientations during transvaginal ultrasound training","volume":"97","author":"Dreisler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15667","article-title":"Accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound for diagnosis of deep endometriosis in uterosacral ligaments, rectovaginal septum, vagina and bladder: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Guerriero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.04.030","article-title":"Meta-analysis and systematic review to determine the optimal imaging modality for the detection of bladder deep endometriosis","volume":"261","author":"Gerges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17524","article-title":"Role of transvaginal ultrasound in evaluation of ureteral in-volvement in deep infiltrating endometriosis","volume":"51","author":"Carfagna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"2802","article-title":"Should a detailed ultrasound examination of the complete urinary tract be routinely performed in women with suspected pelvic endometriosis?","volume":"30","author":"Pateman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1648","article-title":"Ultrasound evaluation of deeply infiltrative endometriosis: Technique and interpretation","volume":"45","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15662","article-title":"Accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound for diagnosis of deep endometriosis in the rec-tosigmoid: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Guerriero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23728","article-title":"Transvaginal sonography determines accurately extent of infiltration of rectosigmoid deep endometriosis","volume":"58","author":"Lieng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21995","article-title":"Transvaginal sonography accurately measures lesion-to-anal-verge distance in women with deep endometriosis of the rectosigmoid","volume":"56","author":"Dauser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2018.03.003","article-title":"Combined Transvaginal\/Transabdominal Pelvic Ultrasonography Accurately Predicts the 3 Dimensions of Deep Infiltrating Bowel Endometriosis Measured after Surgery: A Prospective Study in a Specialized Center","volume":"25","author":"Casarella","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24936","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal ultrasound for detection of endometriosis using International Deep Endometriosis Analysis (IDEA) approach: Prospective international pilot study","volume":"60","author":"Leonardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.04.010","article-title":"Imaging for the evaluation of endometriosis and adenomyosis","volume":"28","author":"Exacoustos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2018.08.022","article-title":"Parametrial Endometriosis: The Occult Condition that Makes the Hard Harder","volume":"26","author":"Mabrouk","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2018.02.015","article-title":"Laparoscopic Neuronavigation for Deep Lateral Pelvic Endometriosis: Clinical and Surgical Implications","volume":"25","author":"Chiantera","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23754","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of transvaginal sonography for detecting parametrial involvement in women with deep endometriosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Guerriero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.20300","article-title":"Proposed technique to visualize and classify uterosacral ligament deep endometriosis with and without infiltration into parametrium or torus uterinus","volume":"55","author":"Leonardi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2006.12.060","article-title":"\u201cTenderness-guided\u201d transvaginal ultrasonography: A new method for the detection of deep endometriosis in patients with chronic pelvic pain","volume":"88","author":"Guerriero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den293","article-title":"Diagnostic value of transvaginal \u201ctenderness-guided\u201d ul-trasonography for the prediction of location of deep endometriosis","volume":"23","author":"Guerriero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.8935","article-title":"Transvaginal sonography vs. clinical examination in the preoperative diagnosis of deep infiltrating endometriosis","volume":"37","author":"Hudelist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22058","article-title":"Bowel preparation prior to transvaginal ultrasound improves detection of rectosigmoid deep infiltrating endometriosis and is well tolerated: Prospective study of women with suspected endometriosis without surgical criteria","volume":"57","author":"Ros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.19194","article-title":"Transvaginal sonography with vs without bowel preparation in diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis: Prospective study","volume":"53","author":"Ferrero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13422","article-title":"Office gel sonovaginography for the prediction of posterior deep infiltrating endometriosis: A multicenter prospective observational study","volume":"44","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2205-0140.2011.tb00190.x","article-title":"Sonovaginography: Redefining the concept of a \u201cnormal pelvis\u201d on transvaginal ultrasound pre-laparoscopic intervention for suspected endometriosis","volume":"14","author":"Reid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Australas. J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14209","article-title":"A prospective study comparing rectal water contrast-transvaginal ultrasonography with sonovaginography for the diagnosis of deep posterior endometriosis","volume":"100","author":"Barra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. et Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15511","article-title":"Intraoperative Ultrasound for Bowel Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis: A Preliminary Report","volume":"40","author":"Puppo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa346","article-title":"Estimation of the Endometriosis Fertility Index prior to operative laparoscopy","volume":"36","author":"Tomassetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14191","article-title":"Accuracy and clinical value of an adhesion scoring system: A preoperative diagnostic method using transvaginal ultrasonography for endometriotic adhesion","volume":"46","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoz007","article-title":"Endorect: A preoperative score to accu-rately predict rectosigmoid involvement in patients with endometriosis","volume":"2019","author":"Chattot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Open"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15858","article-title":"Performance of ultrasound-based endometriosis staging system (UBESS) for predicting level of complexity of laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis","volume":"48","author":"Menakaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2018.05.022","article-title":"Ultrasound-Based Endometriosis Staging System: Validation Study to Predict Com-plexity of Laparoscopic Surgery","volume":"26","author":"Tompsett","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2020.04.009","article-title":"A Multicenter International Temporal and External Validation Study of the Ultra-sound-based Endometriosis Staging System","volume":"28","author":"Espada","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02341-4","article-title":"Sonographer-acquired ultrasound protocol for deep endometriosis","volume":"45","author":"Young","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/ajum.12288","article-title":"How long does a transvaginal ultrasound examination for endometriosis take in comparison to a routine transvaginal ultrasound examination?","volume":"25","author":"Deslandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Australas J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.20.2.g00mc19559","article-title":"Clinical Utility of Three-dimensional US","volume":"20","author":"Downey","year":"2000","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5380","article-title":"Three-dimensional ultrasonographic characteristics of endometriomata","volume":"31","author":"Jayaprakasan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2009.28.8.1061","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Sonographic Characteristics of Deep Endometriosis","volume":"28","author":"Guerriero","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1159\/000516634","article-title":"Ultrasonographic 3D Evaluation in the Diagnosis of Bladder Endometriosis: A Pro-spective Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy Study","volume":"86","author":"Barra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu054","article-title":"Three-dimensional ultrasonography in the diagnosis of deep endometriosis","volume":"29","author":"Guerriero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12292","article-title":"Tissue characterization using mean gray value analysis in deep infiltrating endome-triosis","volume":"41","author":"Guerriero","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.02.050","article-title":"Diagnosis of endometriosis of the rectovaginal septum using introital three-dimensional ultrasonography","volume":"94","author":"Pascual","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15717","article-title":"The reproducibility of ultrasonographic findings of rectosigmoid endometriosis among examiners with different level of expertise","volume":"41","author":"Guerriero","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ultrasound Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4673-z","article-title":"European society of urogenital radiology (ESUR) guidelines: MR imaging of pelvic endometriosis","volume":"27","author":"Bazot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-019-02291-x","article-title":"Endometriosis MRI lexicon: Consensus statement from the society of abdominal radiology endometriosis disease-focused panel","volume":"45","author":"Jha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.312105144","article-title":"MR Imaging in Deep Pelvic Endometriosis: A Pictorial Essay","volume":"31","author":"Coutinho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01054-x","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging for deep infiltrating endometriosis: Current concepts, imaging technique and key findings","volume":"12","author":"Lorusso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deq336","article-title":"Value of thin-section oblique axial T2-weighted magnetic resonance images to assess uterosacral ligament endometriosis","volume":"26","author":"Bazot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.06.013","article-title":"MR findings of ruptured endometrial cyst: Comparison with tubo-ovarian abscess","volume":"81","author":"Suzuki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.13131394","article-title":"Differentiation of Ovarian Endometriomas from Hemorrhagic Cysts at MR Imaging: Utility of the T2 Dark Spot Sign","volume":"271","author":"Corwin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-017-0591-0","article-title":"Endometriosis: Clinical features, MR imaging findings and pathologic correlation","volume":"9","author":"Foti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"1705","article-title":"Pelvic Endometriosis: MR Imaging Appearance with Laparoscopic correlation","volume":"9","author":"Bazzocchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2014.02.019","article-title":"Bladder endometriosis: Characterization by magnetic resonance imaging and the value of documenting ureteral involvement","volume":"176","author":"Gilly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1159\/000339519","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Bladder Endometriosis: State of the Art","volume":"89","author":"Maccagnano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.5152\/dir.2017.16364","article-title":"Shining light in a dark landscape: MRI evaluation of unusual localization of endome-triosis","volume":"23","author":"Gui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diii.2014.11.010","article-title":"Urinary endometriosis: MR Imaging appearance with surgical and histological correlations","volume":"96","author":"Sillou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-014-3470-7","article-title":"Accuracy of magnetic resonance in deeply infiltrating endometriosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"291","author":"Medeiros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2322030762","article-title":"Deep Pelvic Endometriosis: MR Imaging for Diagnosis and Prediction of Extension of Disease","volume":"232","author":"Bazot","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-005-2882-y","article-title":"Diagnosis of endometriosis with imaging: A review","volume":"16","author":"Kinkel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0b013e32833beae0","article-title":"The feasibility of laparoscopic bowel resection performed by a gynaecologist to treat endometriosis","volume":"22","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem187","article-title":"Comparison between clinical examination, trans-vaginal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of deep endometriosis","volume":"22","author":"Abrao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.22832","article-title":"MRI and \u201ctenderness Guided\u201d transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of rec-to-sigmoid endometriosis","volume":"35","author":"Saba","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021.00038","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2021.00038","article-title":"Lateral Compartment Endometriosis is Associated with Retraction of the Obliterated Umbilical Artery","volume":"25","author":"Crispi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JSLS J. Soc. Laparoendosc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.18961","article-title":"Transvaginal ultrasound vs magnetic resonance imaging for diagnosing deep infiltrating endometriosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"Guerriero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23148","article-title":"Optimal imaging modality for detection of rectosigmoid deep endometriosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"58","author":"Gerges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoab041","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoab041","article-title":"Meta-analysis and systematic review to determine the optimal imaging modality for the detection of uterosacral ligaments\/torus uterinus, rectovaginal septum and vaginal deep endometriosis","volume":"2021","author":"Gerges","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Open"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24754","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound fusion technique in gynecology","volume":"59","author":"Bazot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14712","article-title":"Fusion imaging for evaluation of deep infiltrating endometriosis: Feasibility and preliminary results","volume":"46","author":"Millischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E85","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0647-1575","article-title":"MRI-Ultrasound Fusion Imaging for Diagnosis of Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis\u2014A Critical Appraisal","volume":"4","author":"Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Int. Open."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.138.3.549","article-title":"Double-Contrast Enema Pelvic Endometriosis in through","volume":"138","author":"Gordon","year":"1982","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e017216","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017216","article-title":"Rectal water contrast transvaginal ultrasound versus double-contrast barium enema in the diagnosis of bowel endometriosis","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.9072","article-title":"Comparison of transvaginal sonography and double-contrast barium enema for diagnosing deep infiltrating endometriosis of the posterior compartment","volume":"38","author":"Savelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3062","article-title":"Barium Enema Evaluation of Colonic Involvement in Endometriosis","volume":"190","author":"Faccioli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2008.02.001","article-title":"Double-Contrast Barium Enema and Transrectal Endoscopic Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Intestinal Deeply Infiltrating Endometriosis","volume":"15","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"414","article-title":"Evaluation of colonic involvement in endometriosis: Double-contrast barium enema vs. magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"35","author":"Faccioli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-3804(05)60203-4","article-title":"Preoperative Double-Contrast Barium Enema in Patients with Suspected Intestinal Endometriosis","volume":"11","author":"Landi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Gynecol. Laparoscopists"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1107","article-title":"Accuracy of rectal endoscopic ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of rectal involvement for patients presenting with deeply infiltrating endometriosis","volume":"24","author":"Chapron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.146.3.6828673","article-title":"The value of the preoperative barium-enema examination in the as-sessment of pelvic masses","volume":"146","author":"Gedgaudas","year":"1983","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800770813","article-title":"Endorectal ultrasonography for the assessment of invasion of rectal tumours and lymph node involvement","volume":"77","author":"Glaser","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0501-x","article-title":"Endorectal Ultrasonography in Predicting Rectal Wall Infiltration in Patients With Deep Pelvic Endometriosis: A Modern Tool for an Ancient Disease","volume":"49","author":"Bahr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"50","article-title":"Rectal Endoscopic Ultrasound with a Rectovaginal Endometriosis","volume":"11","author":"Neme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.4070","article-title":"Accuracy of transvaginal sonography and rectal endoscopic sonography in the diagnosis of deep infiltrating endometriosis","volume":"30","author":"Bazot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dem008","article-title":"Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and rectal endoscopic sonography for the prediction of location of deep pelvic endometriosis","volume":"22","author":"Bazot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.8.2266","article-title":"Results and role of rectal endoscopic ultrasonography for patients with deep pelvic endometriosis","volume":"13","author":"Chapron","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i6.696","article-title":"Preoperative Rectosigmoid endoscopic ultraso-nography predicts the need for bowel resection in endometriosis","volume":"25","author":"Desplats","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noventa, M., Scioscia, M., and Schincariol, M. (2019). Imaging modalities for diagnosis of deep pelvic endometriosis: Comparison be-tween trans-vaginal sonography, rectal endoscopy sonography and magnetic resonance imaging. A Head-to-Head me-ta-analysis. Diagnostics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics9040225"},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Detection of colorectal tumors with water enema-multidetector row computed tomography","volume":"37","author":"Soyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15905","article-title":"Computed tomographic colonography vs rectal water- contrast transvaginal sonography in diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis: A pilot study","volume":"49","author":"Ferrero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2018.01.019","article-title":"Does Computed Tomography\u2013Based Virtual Colonoscopy Improve the Accuracy of Preoperative Assessment Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Women Managed for Colorectal Endometriosis?","volume":"25","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2013.10.010","article-title":"Multidetector computerized tomography enema versus magnetic resonance enema in the diagnosis of rectosigmoid endometriosis","volume":"83","author":"Biscaldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2020.05.011","article-title":"Other imaging techniques: Double-contrast barium enema, endoscopic ultrasonography, multidetector CT enema, and computed tomography colonoscopy","volume":"71","author":"Biscaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"441","article-title":"Bowel endometriosis: CT-enteroclysis","volume":"32","author":"Biscaldi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.8971","article-title":"Multidetector computerized tomography enteroclysis vs. rectal water contrast trans-vaginal ultrasonography in determining the presence and extent of bowel endometriosis","volume":"37","author":"Ferrero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000001031","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Rectal Enema Versus Computed Tomo-graphic Colonography in the Diagnosis of Rectosigmoid Endometriosis","volume":"44","author":"Biscaldi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0b013e318299ddc5","article-title":"The Usefulness of computed tomographic colonography for evaluation of deep infiltrating endometriosis: Comparison with magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"37","author":"Jeong","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmig.2007.03.010","article-title":"Modified virtual colonoscopy: A noninvasive technique for the diagnosis of rectovaginal septum and deep infiltrating pelvic endometriosis","volume":"14","author":"Kaplan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.09.004","article-title":"Imaging of endometriosis with computerized tomography colonography","volume":"95","author":"Koutoukos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/RCT.0000000000000867","article-title":"Computed tomography\u2013colonography with intravenous contrast medium and uro-graphic phase for the evaluation of pelvic deep infiltrating endometriosis of intestinal and urinary tract","volume":"43","author":"Coppola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2007.8.4.264","article-title":"Fundamental elements for successful performance of CT colonography (virtual colonos-copy)","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Korean J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gyobfe.2015.11.008","article-title":"Computed tomography-based virtual colonoscopy in the assessment of bowel endo-metriosis: The surgeon\u2019s point of view","volume":"44","author":"Roman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol Obstet. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-017-0665-4","article-title":"Comparison of transvaginal sonography and computed tomography\u2013colonography with contrast media and urographic phase for diagnosing deep infiltrating endometriosis of the posterior compartment of the pelvis: A pilot study","volume":"35","author":"Zannoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13117","article-title":"Accuracy of a new diagnostic tool in deep infiltrating endometriosis: Positron emission tomography-computed tomography with 16\u03b1-[18F]fluoro-17\u03b2-estradiol","volume":"42","author":"Cosma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27550","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027550","article-title":"Pulmonary cavitations with increased 18F-FDG uptake revealing a thoracic endome-triosis: A case report","volume":"100","author":"Mulette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000004049","article-title":"Interference of Known or Suspected Endometriosis in Reporting FDG PET\/CT Performed in Another Indication","volume":"47","author":"Balogova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/12\/2960\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:17Z","timestamp":1760146037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/12\/2960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12122960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12122960","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]}}}