{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:41:28Z","timestamp":1790854888439,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are different fundamental diagnostic strategies for patients with ectatic corneal diseases (ECDs): screening, confirmation of the diagnosis, classification of the type of ECD, severity staging, prognostic assessment, and clinical follow-up. The conscious application of such strategies enables individualized treatments. The need for improved diagnostics of ECD is related to the advent of therapeutic refractive procedures that are considered prior to keratoplasty. Among such less invasive procedures, we include corneal crosslinking, customized ablations, and intracorneal ring segment implantation. Besides the paradigm shift in managing patients with ECD, enhancing the sensitivity to detect very mild forms of disease, and characterizing the inherent susceptibility for ectasia progression, became relevant for identifying patients at higher risk for progressive iatrogenic ectasia after laser vision correction (LVC). Moreover, the hypothesis that mild keratoconus is a risk factor for delivering a baby with Down\u2019s syndrome potentially augments the relevance of the diagnostics of ECD. Multimodal refractive imaging involves different technologies, including Placido-disk corneal topography, Scheimpflug 3-D tomography, segmental or layered tomography with layered epithelial thickness using OCT (optical coherence tomography), and digital very high-frequency ultrasound (VHF-US), and ocular wavefront. Corneal biomechanical assessments and genetic and molecular biology tests have translated to clinical measurements. Artificial intelligence allows for the integration of a plethora of clinical data and has proven its relevance in facilitating clinical decisions, allowing personalized or individualized treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12123027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T04:10:02Z","timestamp":1670213402000},"page":"3027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Enhanced Diagnostics for Corneal Ectatic Diseases: The Whats, the Whys, and the Hows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2353-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise Pellegrino Gomes","family":"Esporcatte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023, Brazil"},{"name":"Rio de Janeiro Corneal Tomography and Biomechanics Study Group, Rio de Janeiro 20520-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Olhos Renato Ambr\u00f3sio, Rio de Janeiro 20520-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Networking in Medicine-BrAIN, Rio de Janeiro 20520-050, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8330-6432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella Q.","family":"Salom\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023, Brazil"},{"name":"Rio de Janeiro Corneal Tomography and Biomechanics Study Group, Rio de Janeiro 20520-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Olhos Renato Ambr\u00f3sio, Rio de Janeiro 20520-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Networking in Medicine-BrAIN, Rio de Janeiro 20520-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto Benjamin Constant, Rio de Janeiro 22290-255, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6233-096X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre Batista da Costa","family":"Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belo Horizonte Evangelical Hospital, Betin Unit, Belo Horizonte 30220-330, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aydano P.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023, Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Networking in Medicine-BrAIN, Rio de Janeiro 20520-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Computing Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei\u00f3 57072-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo T.","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Renato","family":"Ambr\u00f3sio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04023, Brazil"},{"name":"Rio de Janeiro Corneal Tomography and Biomechanics Study Group, Rio de Janeiro 20520-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Instituto de Olhos Renato Ambr\u00f3sio, Rio de Janeiro 20520-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Brazilian Artificial Intelligence Networking in Medicine-BrAIN, Rio de Janeiro 20520-050, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Rio de Janeiro 22290-240, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6257(84)90094-8","article-title":"Keratoconus and related noninflammatory corneal thinning disorders","volume":"28","author":"Krachmer","year":"1984","journal-title":"Surv. 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