{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:31:46Z","timestamp":1791837106119,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Distal biceps brachii tendinopathy is a musculoskeletal pain condition\u2014comprising chronic intrasubstance degeneration with alterations of the tendon structure\u2014that is difficult to treat. Preliminary evidence suggests a positive effect for pain and related disability of percutaneous electrolysis treatment in patients with tendinopathy. Ultrasound is an excellent diagnostic tool to identify tendon injuries, such as tendinopathy, and to guide treatment approaches. Different approaches using ultrasound evaluation of the biceps tendon have been described. Our aim was to determine the validity and safety of a percutaneous electrolysis approach, targeting insertion of the distal tendon of biceps brachii, in both human (ultrasound-guided) and Thiel-embalmed cadaver (not ultrasound-guided) models. There were two approaches evaluated: an anterior approach with the elbow in extension and the forearm in supination and a posterior approach with the elbow in flexion and the forearm in pronation. A needle was inserted following the tendon up to its insertion into the radial tuberosity. The anterior approach, both in cadaveric study and US-guided intervention, revealed a close relationship between the distal biceps tendon and the brachial artery. The mean distance of the depth of the biceps tendon distal to the brachial artery was 0.21 \u00b1 0.021 cm in the cadavers and 0.51 \u00b1 0.024 cm in subjects. It was also found that the anterior approach has a potential technical difficulty due to the anatomical location of the brachial artery. With the posterior approach, it was possible to safely identify the tendon insertion and the needle approach, since no important vascular and nervous structures were visualized in the window of insertion of the needle. The clinician rated the posterior approach as low difficulty in all subjects. Current results would support a posterior approach with US guidance as a safe approach for applying the percutaneous electrolysis technique for insertional tendinopathies of the distal biceps brachii tendon. The current study did not assess the effectiveness of the proposed intervention; accordingly, future studies investigating the clinical effectiveness of the proposed intervention are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12123051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T08:10:57Z","timestamp":1670227857000},"page":"3051","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cadaveric and Ultrasound Validation of Percutaneous Electrolysis Approach at the Distal Biceps Tendon: A Potential Treatment for Biceps Tendinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Calder\u00f3n-D\u00edez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9782-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3226-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Bel\u00f3n-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Real Madrid C.F., 28055 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8670-7653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Robles-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1tima","family":"P\u00e9rez-Robledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3772-9690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra Institucional en Docencia, Cl\u00ednica e Investigaci\u00f3n en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual, Punci\u00f3n Seca y Ejercicio Terap\u00e9utico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/ncprheum0700","article-title":"Tendinopathy: From basic science to treatment","volume":"4","author":"Riley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. 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