{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T02:18:58Z","timestamp":1787192338199,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain abnormalities detected in fetal life are being increasingly recognized. Child neurologists are often involved in fetal consultations, and specific fetal neurology training has been implemented in many countries. Pediatric neurologists are asked to examine the data available and to contribute to the definition of the long-term outcomes. Ventriculomegaly, posterior fossa malformations, and agenesis\/dysgenesis of corpus callosum are among the most common reasons for antenatal neurological consultations. Fetuses with central nervous system and extra-CNS anomalies should ideally be managed in secondary\/tertiary hospitals where obstetricians who are experts in fetal medicine and pediatric specialists are available. Obstetricians play a critical role in screening, performing detailed neurosonography, and referring to other specialists for additional investigations. Clinical geneticists are frequently asked to propose diagnostic tests and counsel complex fetal malformations whose phenotypes may differ from those during postnatal life. Advances in fetal MRI and genetic investigations can support the specialists involved in counseling. Nevertheless, data interpretation can be challenging, and it requires a high level of expertise in a multidisciplinary setting. Postnatally, child neurologists should be part of an integrated multidisciplinary follow-up, together with neonatologists and pediatricians. The neurodevelopmental outcomes should be assessed at least up to school age. Children should be evaluated with formal tests of their gross motor, cognitive, language, fine motor\/visuo-perceptual skills, and their behavior. In this perspective, fetal neurology can be regarded as the beginning of a long journey which continues with a prolonged, structured follow-up, support to the families, and transition to adult life. A review of the most common conditions is presented, along with the long-term outcomes and a proposal of the neurodevelopmental follow-up of children with CNS malformation which are diagnosed in uterus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12123083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]],"date-time":"2022-12-07T05:50:52Z","timestamp":1670392252000},"page":"3083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Fetal Neurology: From Prenatal Counseling to Postnatal Follow-Up"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3984-0077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Scelsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, V. Buzzi Children\u2019s Hospital, ASST-FBF-Sacco, via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2022.100957","article-title":"A Neurologist\u2019s Practical Guide to Conducting a Fetal Consultation","volume":"42","author":"Ream","year":"2022","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683138","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.683138","article-title":"\u201cThe First Thousand Days\u201d Define a Fetal\/Neonatal Neurology Program","volume":"9","author":"Scher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15022","article-title":"Antenatal counselling for prospective parents whose fetus has a neurological anomaly: Part 1, experiences and recommendations for service design","volume":"64","author":"Hart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5829","article-title":"Chromosomal microarray analysis in fetuses with central nervous system anomalies: An 8-year long observational study from a tertiary care university hospital","volume":"41","author":"Santirocco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-64189-2.00011-1","article-title":"X-linked ataxias","volume":"Volume 155","author":"Zanni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.61404","article-title":"A novel heterozygous loss-of-function DCC Netrin 1 receptor variant in prenatal agenesis of corpus callosum and review of the literature","volume":"182","author":"Kurolap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leibovitz, Z., Lerman-Sagie, T., and Haddad, L. (2022). Fetal Brain Development: Regulating Processes and Related Malformations. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12060809"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15043","article-title":"Antenatal counselling for prospective parents whose fetus has a neurological anomaly: Part 2, risks of adverse outcome in common anomalies","volume":"64","author":"Hart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Addario, V. (2022). Diagnostic approach to fetal ventriculomegaly. J. Perinat. Med.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2022-0312"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22145","article-title":"ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): Sonographic examination of the fetal central nervous system. Part 1: Performance of screening examination and indications for targeted neurosonography","volume":"56","author":"Malinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The ENSO Working Group, Di Mascio, D., Khalil, A., Thilaganathan, B., Rizzo, G., Buca, D., Liberati, M., Celentano, C., Melchiorre, K., and Caulo, M. (2020). Role of prenatal magnetic resonance imaging in fetuses with isolated mild or moderate ventriculomegaly in the era of neurosonography: International multicenter study. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 56, 340\u2013347.","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.21974"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13958","article-title":"Role of prenatal magnetic resonance imaging in fetuses with isolated agenesis of corpus callosum in the era of fetal neurosonography: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Sileo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The ENSO Working Group, Sileo, F.G., Pilu, G., Prayer, D., Rizzo, G., Khalil, A., Managanaro, L., Volpe, P., Van Mieghem, T., and Bertucci, E. (2021). Role of prenatal magnetic resonance imaging in fetuses with isolated anomalies of corpus callosum: Multinational study. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 58, 26\u201333.","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23612"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.6662","article-title":"Early Formative Stage of Human Focal Cortical Gyration Anomalies: Fetal MRI","volume":"198","author":"Righini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-020-06899-2","article-title":"Cortical formation abnormalities on foetal MR imaging: A proposed classification system trialled on 356 cases from Italian and UK centres","volume":"30","author":"Righini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2005.11.019","article-title":"In vitro MRI of brain development","volume":"57","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14053","article-title":"The potential diagnostic yield of whole exome sequencing in pregnancies complicated by fetal ultrasound anomalies","volume":"100","author":"Diderich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32042-7","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing in the evaluation of fetal structural anomalies: A prospective cohort study","volume":"393","author":"Petrovski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6115","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of exome sequencing for prenatal diagnosis of fetal structural anomalies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Mellis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31940-8","article-title":"Prenatal exome sequencing analysis in fetal structural anomalies detected by ultrasonography (PAGE): A cohort study","volume":"393","author":"Lord","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6009","article-title":"Noninvasive prenatal exome sequencing diagnostic utility limited by sequencing depth and fetal fraction","volume":"42","author":"Filer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2019.304238","article-title":"Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis of Single-Gene Diseases: The Next Frontier","volume":"66","author":"Scotchman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2017.10.003","article-title":"Whole Exome Sequencing","volume":"45","author":"Jelin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6145","article-title":"Fetal central nervous system anomalies: When should we offer exome sequencing?","volume":"42","author":"Baptiste","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.6107","article-title":"Prenatal exome sequencing in fetuses with callosal anomalies","volume":"42","author":"Lei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.3906","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of malformations of cortical development by dedicated neurosonography","volume":"29","author":"Malinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2018.04.001","article-title":"Mild ventriculomegaly from fetal consultation to neurodevelopmental assessment: A single center experience and review of the literature","volume":"22","author":"Scelsa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073808331358","article-title":"Developmental Outcome of Children With Enlargement of the Cisterna Magna Identified in Utero","volume":"24","author":"Dror","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.3824","article-title":"Isolated corpus callosum agenesis: A ten-year follow-up after prenatal diagnosis (how are the children without corpus callosum at 10 years of age?)","volume":"32","author":"Moutard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24898","article-title":"Long-term outcome of consecutive case series of congenital isolated agenesis of corpus callosum","volume":"60","author":"Lanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.10.002","article-title":"Visual, motor and perceptual abilities at school age in children with isolated mild antenatal ventricular dilatation","volume":"85","author":"Colitto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-021-01341-9","article-title":"Prenatal Diagnosis and Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Isolated Cerebellar Hypoplasia of Suspected Hemorrhagic Etiology: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"21","author":"Scelsa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13217","article-title":"Prenatal unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia in a series of 26 cases: Significance and implications for prenatal diagnosis","volume":"44","author":"Massoud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15755","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of isolated posterior fossa malformations on prenatal imaging (part 2): Neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"48","author":"Khalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073817712589","article-title":"The Most Common Comorbidities in Dandy-Walker Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review of Case Reports","volume":"32","author":"Stambolliu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.11071","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal posterior fossa fluid collections","volume":"39","author":"Contro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F54","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-304054","article-title":"Long-term developmental outcome of children with a fetal diagnosis of isolated inferior vermian hypoplasia","volume":"99","author":"Tarui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-003-0795-0","article-title":"Ventricular dilatations","volume":"19","author":"Garel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Childs Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.04.039","article-title":"Mild fetal ventriculomegaly: Diagnosis, evaluation, and management","volume":"219","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.10.014","article-title":"Role of prenatal magnetic resonance imaging in fetuses with isolated severe ventriculomegaly at neurosonography: A multicenter study","volume":"267","author":"Khalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"639","article-title":"Chromosomal Microarray Evaluation of Fetal Ventriculomegaly","volume":"22","author":"Toren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J. IMAJ"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4788","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1863941","article-title":"Correlation between mild fetal ventriculomegaly, chromosomal abnormalities, and copy number variations","volume":"35","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.01.016","article-title":"Prenatal detection of chromosomal abnormalities and copy number variants in fetuses with ventriculomegaly","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2012.02.003","article-title":"Prenatal isolated mild ventriculomegaly is associated with persistent ventricle enlargement at ages 1 and 2","volume":"88","author":"Lyall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1567","article-title":"Global and Regional Changes in Cortical Development Assessed by MRI in Fetuses with Isolated Nonsevere Ventriculomegaly Correlate with Neonatal Neurobehavior","volume":"40","author":"Hahner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2018.01.006","article-title":"Cortical folding alterations in fetuses with isolated non-severe ventriculomegaly","volume":"18","author":"Benkarim","year":"2018","journal-title":"NeuroImage Clin."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasung, L., Rollins, C.K., Zhang, J., Velasco-Annis, C., Yang, E., Lin, P.-Y., Sutin, J., Warfield, S.K., Soul, J., and Estroff, J. (2022). Abnormal development of transient fetal zones in mild isolated fetal ventriculomegaly. Cereb. Cortex, bhac125.","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhac125"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.03.072","article-title":"Age-related regional variations of the corpus callosum identified by diffusion tensor tractography","volume":"52","author":"Lebel","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2018.08.007","article-title":"Fetal midline anomalies: Diagnosis and counselling Part 1: Corpus callosum anomalies","volume":"22","author":"Leombroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318208f492","article-title":"Distinguishing 3 classes of corpus callosal abnormalities in consanguineous families","volume":"76","author":"Hanna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hofman, J., Hutny, M., Sztuba, K., and Paprocka, J. (2020). Corpus Callosum Agenesis: An Insight into the Etiology and Spectrum of Symptoms. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10090625"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.179","article-title":"Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum","volume":"223","author":"Rotmensch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160445","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0445","article-title":"Outcomes Associated With Isolated Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum: A Meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"Pagani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.08.003","article-title":"Outcome of isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum: A population-based prospective study","volume":"22","author":"Rolland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2022.07.007","article-title":"Outcome of Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum Diagnosed by Fetal MRI","volume":"135","author":"Shwe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561771800111X","article-title":"The Neuropsychological Syndrome of Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum","volume":"25","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-020-02203-6","article-title":"Effect of corpus callosum agenesis on the language network in children and adolescents","volume":"226","author":"Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717001357","article-title":"A Neuropsychological Profile for Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum? Cognitive, Academic, Executive, Social, and Behavioral Functioning in School-Age Children","volume":"24","author":"Siffredi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.10.004","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome in prenatally diagnosed isolated agenesis of the corpus callosum","volume":"116","author":"Chadie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-3984.2018.0141","article-title":"Barreto, E.Q.; da S. Ximenes, R.L.; Baldo, C.A.R.; Araujo J\u00fanior, E.; Moron, A.F. Fetal posterior fossa malformations: Review of the current knowledge","volume":"52","author":"Milani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol. Bras."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0715-3","article-title":"The Cerebellum and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"15","author":"Stoodley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-020-01143-5","article-title":"Are Vermal Lobules VI\u2013VII Smaller in Autism Spectrum Disorder?","volume":"19","author":"Crucitti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-019-00871-4","article-title":"Blake\u2019s Pouch Cysts and Differential Diagnoses in Prenatal and Postnatal MRI: A Pictorial Review","volume":"30","author":"Kau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.187","article-title":"Blake\u2019s Pouch Cyst","volume":"223","author":"Post","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2196","article-title":"The fetal cerebellum. Pitfalls in diagnosis and management","volume":"29","author":"Malinger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prenat. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7215","article-title":"Evaluation of Posterior Fossa Biometric Measurements on Fetal MRI in the Evaluation of Dandy-Walker Continuum","volume":"42","author":"Nagaraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14900","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of isolated posterior fossa malformations on prenatal ultrasound imaging (part 1): Nomenclature, diagnostic accuracy and associated anomalies","volume":"47","author":"Khalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.10.191","article-title":"Diagnosis of inferior vermian hypoplasia by fetal magnetic resonance imaging: Potential pitfalls and neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"194","author":"Limperopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1159\/000501238","article-title":"Epidemiology of Dandy-Walker Malformation in Europe: A EUROCAT Population-Based Registry Study","volume":"53","author":"Santoro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.08.184","article-title":"Dandy-Walker Malformation","volume":"223","author":"Monteagudo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A7659","article-title":"Refining the Neuroimaging Definition of the Dandy-Walker Phenotype","volume":"43","author":"Whitehead","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-003-0980-6","article-title":"Intellectual prognosis of the Dandy-Walker malformation in children: The importance of vermian lobulation","volume":"45","author":"Boddaert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akiyama, S., Madan, N., Graham, G., Samura, O., Kitano, R., Yun, H.J., Craig, A., Nakamura, T., Hozawa, A., and Grant, E. (2022). Regional brain development in fetuses with Dandy-Walker malformation: A volumetric fetal brain magnetic resonance imaging study. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263535"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1849111","article-title":"Are fetal gender and gestational age related to the size of cisterna magna?","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2015.00066","article-title":"The Cerebellum and Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"3","author":"Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-015-0699-z","article-title":"Pre- and Postnatal Neuroimaging of Congenital Cerebellar Abnormalities","volume":"15","author":"Poretti","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2009.03522.x","article-title":"Outcome of severe unilateral cerebellar hypoplasia: Outcome of Severe Unilateral Cerebellar Hypoplasia","volume":"52","author":"Poretti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14059","article-title":"Developmental outcomes in children with congenital cerebellar malformations","volume":"61","author":"Pinchefsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.07.019","article-title":"Redefining the Etiologic Landscape of Cerebellar Malformations","volume":"105","author":"Aldinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-013-2752-8","article-title":"Pediatric neuroimaging using magnetic resonance imaging during non-sedated sleep","volume":"44","author":"Dean","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gascoigne, D.A., Serdyukova, N.A., and Aksenov, D.P. (2021). Early Development of the GABAergic System and the Associated Risks of Neonatal Anesthesia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222312951"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664706","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.664706","article-title":"Normal Development of Local Neurovascular Interactions and the Diagnostic Value of Resting State Functional MRI in Neurovascular Deficiency Based on the Example of Neonatal Anesthesia Exposure","volume":"12","author":"Aksenov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.0878","article-title":"Early Intervention for Children Aged 0 to 2 Years With or at High Risk of Cerebral Palsy: International Clinical Practice Guideline Based on Systematic Reviews","volume":"175","author":"Morgan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/12\/3083\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:35:40Z","timestamp":1760146540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/12\/12\/3083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics12123083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics12123083","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,7]]}}}