{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:45Z","timestamp":1787027925046,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The term \u201cbacterial translocation\u201d (BT) refers to the migration of bacteria or their products from the gastrointestinal tract to tissues located outside it, and may occur after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. The term \u201cendotoxin\u201d is synonymous, and is used interchangeably with the term lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS, a component of Gram-negative gut bacteria, is a potent microbial virulence factor, that can trigger production of pro-inflammatory mediators, causing localized and systemic inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate if neonatal asphyxia provokes BT and an increased concentration of LPS in an animal model of asphyxia in piglets. Methods: Twenty-one (21) newborn male Landrace\/Large White piglets, 1\u20134 days old, were randomly allocated into three groups, Control (A), Asphyxia (B) and Asphyxia-Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) (C). All animals were instrumented, anesthetized and underwent hemodynamic monitoring. In Group A, the animals were euthanized. In Group B, the endotracheal tube was occluded to cause asphyxia leading to cardiopulmonary arrest. In Group C, the animals were resuscitated after asphyxia and further monitored for 30\u2032. Bacterial translocation was assessed by the measurement of endotoxin in blood from the portal vein and the aorta, and also by the measurement of endotoxin in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) at euthanasia. The results are given as median (IQR) with LPS concentration in EU\/mL. Results: BT was observed in all groups with minimum LPS concentration in the MLN and maximum concentration in the portal vein. LPS levels in the MLNs were higher in the Group B: 6.38 EU\/mL (2.69\u20139.34) compared to the other groups (Group A: 2.1 EU\/mL (1.08\u20132.52), Group C: 1.66 EU\/mL (1.51\u20132.48), p = 0.012). The aorta to MLNs LPS difference (%) was lower in Group B: 0.13% (0.04\u20131.17), compared to Group A: 5.08% (2.2\u201310.7), and Group C: 3.42% (1.5\u20135.1)) (p = 0.042). The same was detected for portal to MLNs LPS difference (%) which was lower in Group B: 0.94% (0.5\u20133) compared to Group A: 4.9% (4\u201315), and Group C: 3.85% (1.5\u20135.1)) (p = 0.044). Conclusions: Neonatal asphyxia can provoke \u0392\u03a4 and increased LPS concentration in blood and tissue located outside the gastrointestinal system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12123103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T03:23:49Z","timestamp":1670556229000},"page":"3103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Asphyxia-Induced Bacterial Translocation in an Animal Experimental Model in Neonatal Piglets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3168-050X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitra-Ifigeneia","family":"Matara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u2018Aghia Sophia\u2019 Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9972-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozeta","family":"Sokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3670-9305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Xanthos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0074-3619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abraham","family":"Pouliakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3316-8566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antigoni","family":"Sarantaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Midwifery, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Boutsikou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4316-7305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoi","family":"Iliodromiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Salakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Surgical Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAttikon\u201d University Hospital, Medical School, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3295-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Gazouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8021-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Iacovidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00078","article-title":"Neonatal Hypoxia Ischaemia: Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutic Challenges","volume":"11","author":"Millar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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