{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T02:50:18Z","timestamp":1776912618136,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation Fundamental Fund fiscal year 2023"},{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Medical Technology and Precision Medicine Innovation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The MNS7 (Mia) blood group antigen is found at a different prevalence among different ethnic groups. Anti-Mia can cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) and both acute- and delayed-type hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTR). Mia typing should be performed in donors to prevent life-threatening hemolytic transfusion reactions. The gel card and standard tube methods still need specialized equipment, centrifugation, and expertise for result interpretation. We used a novel paper-based analytical device (PAD) pre-coated with monoclonal IgM anti-Mia for Mia phenotyping. We measured grey pixel intensity in blood typing results for interpretation processing using OpenCV at the sample (SP) and elution parts (EP); furthermore, we used the SP: EP ratio and F-score as analysis criteria. We typed 214 blood EDTA samples with PAD\u2013Mia and then compared with gel card results for setting an analysis criterion. We observed 100% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy when we applied the SP: EP ratio and F-score with the optimal criterion (1.07 and 0.17 for SP: EP ratio and F-score, respectively). The validation of PAD\u2013Mia typing for blood donor samples (n = 150) via F-score gave 100% sensitivity and specificity when compared with the gel card method; therefore, we argue that PAD\u2013Mia typing can be used for Mia phenotyping without sero-centrifugation. Moreover, to study the correlation between genotype and phenotype, PCR-SSP was performed to identify GYP(B-A-B) hybrids. The results revealed that all Mia+ blood samples gave a positive with GP. Hut, GP. HF, GP. Mur, GP. Hop, and GP. Bun. Results of the gel card method and PCR-SSP were concordant. Hence, using PAD\u2013Mia typing in blood donors would be helpful for creating a phenotype database of blood donors for reducing alloimmunization risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12123104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]],"date-time":"2022-12-09T04:46:46Z","timestamp":1670561206000},"page":"3104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of Mia Phenotyping Using Paper-Based Device"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sirinart","family":"Chomean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jirapat","family":"Attapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Medical Technology and Precision Medicine Innovation, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8477-5115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumittra","family":"Jitsuvantaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Medical Technology and Precision Medicine Innovation, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Komin","family":"Poomsaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chadchadaporn","family":"Dongwilai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pished","family":"Bunnun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial IoT and Automation Research Group (IIARG), National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC), 112 Phaholyothin Road, Khlong Luang District, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chollanot","family":"Kaset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"},{"name":"Thammasat University Research Unit in Medical Technology and Precision Medicine Innovation, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1159\/000504026","article-title":"Frequency of Mi a (MNS7) and Classification of Mia-Positive Hybrid Glycophorins in an Australian Blood Donor Population","volume":"47","author":"Lopez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transfus. 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