{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T12:10:25Z","timestamp":1772626225926,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: The purposes of this multi-center study were to evaluate the rate of infection stones and to evaluate the urine cultures of patients with infection stones. Materials: Charts of adulpatients with urinary stones were reviewed and data on stone analyses and urine cultures were collected. Results: In total, 1204 renal stone formers (RSFs) from 10 countries were included (776 males, 428 females). Fifty-six patients (4.6%) had struvite stones. The highest frequency of struvite stones was observed in India (23%) and Pakistan (18%). Lower rates were reported in Canada (2%), China (3%), Argentina (3%), Iraq (3%), Italy (3.5%) and Poland (3%), and intermediate rates in Egypt (5.5%) and Bulgaria (5.4%). Urine cultures were retrieved from 508 patients. Patients with struvite stones had a positive culture in 64.3% of the samples and patients with other stones, in 26.7%. In struvite stones, the most common isolates were Escherichia coli (27.7%) and Proteus spp. (27.7%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (16.7%); in other types of stone, it was Escherichia coli (47.6%), followed by Gram-positive bacteria (14.0%) Conclusions: The struvite stone composition was associated with a urinary infection, although an infection was not demonstrable with a conventional midstream urine culture in about 30%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T08:42:22Z","timestamp":1672216942000},"page":"80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Spectrum of Bacterial Pathogens from Urinary Infections Associated with Struvite and Metabolic Stones"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0579-8723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Halinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Medical Center \u201cKlinika Wisniowa\u201d, Department of Urology, 65-417 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathomorfology, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 65-417 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamran Hassan","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, Alkor HMC, Hamad Medical Corporation, Al Khor P.O. Box 3050, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Boeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Cloutier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, CHU de Qu\u00e9bec, Laval University, Qu\u00e9bec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaloyan","family":"Davidoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"Elqady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Fryad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shar Teaching Hospital, Sulaymanyah 46001, Kurdistan Region, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Gadelmoula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongyi","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4810-4485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kremena","family":"Petkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Nephrology, Military Medical Academy, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7664-1195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elenko","family":"Popov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acibadem City Clinic Tokuda Hospital, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bapir","family":"Rawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smart Health Tower, Sulaymaniyah 46100, Kurdistan Region, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iliya","family":"Saltirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Nephrology, Military Medical Academy, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Rodolfo","family":"Spivacow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Metab\u00f3licas, IDIM Department of Urology, Buenos Aires C1012AAA, Argentina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Belthangady Monu Zeeshan","family":"Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7815-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Arkusz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 65-417 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9394-8292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Trinchieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U-Merge Ltd. (Urology for Emerging Countries), 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noor","family":"Buchholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U-Merge Ltd. (Urology for Emerging Countries), 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1982.40","article-title":"Infection-induced renal calculi","volume":"21","author":"Griffith","year":"1982","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.99","article-title":"Renal struvite stones--pathogenesis, microbiology, and management strategies","volume":"11","author":"Flannigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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