{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T21:19:59Z","timestamp":1788383999498,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with increased disease risk. Understanding the role of risk factors is significant for developing a strategy to improve global health. There is strong evidence that risk factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, previous cataract surgery, age, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, BMI, female gender, and focal hyper-pigmentation are independently associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Currently, in the literature, statistical techniques like logistic regression, multivariable logistic regression, etc., are being used to identify AMD risk factors by employing numerical\/categorical data. However, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have not been used so far in the literature for identifying risk factors for AMD. On the other hand, artificial intelligence (AI) based tools can anticipate when a person is at risk of developing chronic diseases like cancer, dementia, asthma, etc., in providing personalized care. AI-based techniques can employ numerical\/categorical and\/or image data thus resulting in multimodal data analysis, which provides the need for AI-based tools to be used for risk factor analysis in ophthalmology. This review summarizes the statistical techniques used to identify various risk factors and the higher benefits that AI techniques provide for AMD-related disease prediction. Additional studies are required to review different techniques for risk factor identification for other ophthalmic diseases like glaucoma, diabetic macular edema, retinopathy of prematurity, cataract, and diabetic retinopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13010130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,2]],"date-time":"2023-01-02T02:23:06Z","timestamp":1672626186000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Need for Artificial Intelligence Based Risk Factor Analysis for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Vyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4975-4121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sundaresan","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani 333031, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6326-532X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janani","family":"Surya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sankara Nethralaya Medical Research Foundation, Chennai 600006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5835-5371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sagnik","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moorfields Eye Hospital, London EC1V 2PD, UK"},{"name":"Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai 625020, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Raman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sankara Nethralaya Medical Research Foundation, Chennai 600006, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-020-01994-3","article-title":"Fundus image-based cataract classification using a hybrid convolutional and recurrent neural network","volume":"37","author":"Imran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vis. 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