{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:26:30Z","timestamp":1792718790571,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migraine is a severe and common primary headache disorder, characterized by pain as well as a plethora of non-painful symptoms. Among these, visual phenomena have long been known to be associated with migraine, to the point where they can constitute a hallmark of the disease itself. In this review we focus on two key visual disorders that are directly or indirectly connected to migraine: visual aura and visual snow syndrome (VSS). Visual aura is characterized by the transient presence of positive and negative visual symptoms, before, during or outside of a migraine attack. VSS is a novel stand-alone phenomenon which has been shown to be comorbid with migraine. We discuss key clinical features of the two disorders, including pathophysiological mechanisms, their differential diagnoses and best treatment practices. Our aim is to provide an aid for clinicians and researchers in recognizing these common visual phenomena, which can even appear simultaneously in patients with an underlying migraine biology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13020252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,10]],"date-time":"2023-01-10T01:30:47Z","timestamp":1673314247000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Differential Diagnosis of Visual Phenomena Associated with Migraine: Spotlight on Aura and Visual Snow Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eliseo","family":"Barral","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sanatorio Allende Cerro, C\u00f3rdoba X5021FPQ, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7359-591X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Martins Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Garcia de Orta, 2805-267 Almada, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3132-1064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Garc\u00eda-Azor\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario de Valladolid, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y Leon (SACYL), 47003 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4356-8109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Group, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1933-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Puledda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Group, Wolfson CARD, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 9PJ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01208-0","article-title":"Lifting The Burden: The Global Campaign against Headache. 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