{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:46:08Z","timestamp":1760147168053,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]],"date-time":"2023-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 41-year-old female underwent a cervical spine CT for the workup of posterior neck pain irradiating to the shoulders for several months. An incidental thyroid nodule was found and classified as Bethesda III on the Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) results. Three months later, the patient developed mild shortness of breath, dry cough, and fever. Chest X-ray revealed a mild enlargement in the bilateral hilar regions. CT showed mediastinal and bilateral hilar enlarged lymph nodes and pulmonary micronodules. The workup was further completed with a 18F-FDG PET\/CT, showing intense FDG uptake in the mediastinal and bilateral hilar lymph nodes and increased uptake in the thyroid nodule. Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) of a left hilar lymph node showed epithelioid non-necrotizing granulomas. Because of the FNAC results, size of the nodule and tracheal shift, thyroid lobectomy was performed one month later. Histopathological results also revealed multiple non-necrotizing epithelioid granulomas, suggesting systemic sarcoidosis with involvement of the thyroid. To our knowledge, this is the first report of thyroid sarcoidosis detected on 18F-FDG PET\/CT. Although an increased FDG uptake in a thyroid nodule is usually suggestive of thyroid malignancy, toxic nodule, or follicular hyperplasia, our case report shows that it could also suggest thyroid sarcoidosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13020296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T02:05:52Z","timestamp":1673575552000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Exceptional Cause of Increased 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake on PET\/CT in a Thyroid Nodule"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ringo","family":"Manta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Saint Pierre, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raoul","family":"Muteganya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Saint Pierre, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham J.","family":"Beun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, CHU Saint Pierre, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Fallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Institut Jules Bordet, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kris G.","family":"Poppe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, CHU Saint Pierre, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"Sarcoidosis of the thyroid: Report of a case and a review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Vailati","year":"1993","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"The pathology of granulomatous diseases of the thyroid gland","volume":"7","author":"Harach","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.8324-16","article-title":"Systemic Sarcoidosis with Thyroid Involvement","volume":"56","author":"Okuma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern. 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Pr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-021-00445-w","article-title":"State of the art of 18F-FDG PET\/CT application in inflammation and infection: A guide for image acquisition and interpretation","volume":"9","author":"Casali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-008-0198-0","article-title":"Clinical significance of thyroid uptake on F18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1159\/000431319","article-title":"Incidence and Significance of Incidental Focal Thyroid Uptake on 18F-FDG PET Study in a Large Patient Cohort: Retrospective Single-Centre Experience in the United Kingdom","volume":"4","author":"Agrawal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Thyroid J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2012.0005","article-title":"Risk of Malignancy in Thyroid Incidentalomas Detected by18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography: A Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Soelberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723394","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.723394","article-title":"Focal Thyroid Incidentalomas on 18F-FDG PET\/CT: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Prevalence, Risk of Malignancy and Inconclusive Fine Needle Aspiration","volume":"12","author":"Metman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-011-9470-5","article-title":"Prevalence and significance of thyroid uptake detected by 18F-FDG PET","volume":"40","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2011.110078","article-title":"The clinical significance and management of incidental focal FDG uptake in the thyroid gland on positron emission tomography\/computed tomography (PET\/CT) in patients with non-thyroidal malignancy","volume":"52","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Radiol."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/2\/296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:04:43Z","timestamp":1760119483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/2\/296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13020296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13020296","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,12]]}}}