{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T14:31:45Z","timestamp":1792506705403,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]],"date-time":"2023-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Romania","award":["26\/1031\/8 October 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26\/1031\/8 October 2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The association of chronic heart failure (CHF) and iron deficiency (ID) with or without anemia is frequently encountered in current medical practice and has a negative prognostic impact, worsening patients\u2019 exercise capacity and increasing hospitalization costs. Moreover, anemia is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CHF, an association known as cardio-renal anemia syndrome (CRAS) possessing a significantly increased risk of death. Aim: This review aims to provide an illustrative survey on the impact of ID in CHF patients\u2014based on physiopathological traits, clinical features, and the correlation between functional and absolute ID with CHF\u2014and the benefit of iron supplementation in CHF. Method: We selected the most recent publications with important scientific content covering the association of CHF and ID with or without anemia. Discussions: An intricate physiopathological interplay is described in these patients\u2014decrease in erythropoietin levels, activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, systemic inflammation, and increases in hepcidin levels. These mechanisms amplify anemia, CHF, and CKD severity and worsen patients\u2019 outcomes. Conclusions: Anemia is frequently encountered in CHF and represents a negative prognostic factor. Data from randomized controlled trials have underlined the administration of intravenous iron therapy (ferric carboxymaltose) as the only viable treatment option, with beneficial effects on quality of life and exercise capacity in patients with ID and systolic heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13020304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:40:34Z","timestamp":1673840434000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Role of Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure\u2014Clinical and Treatment Approach: An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cristina Elena","family":"Singer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mother and Baby, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4684-8213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Corina Maria","family":"Vasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Cardiology, Bordeaux University Hospital, 33600 Pessac, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alin Iulian Silviu","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3968-255X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iulia Cristina","family":"Marginean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4783-7420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Alexandru","family":"Iacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai Daniel","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9956-4318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Maria","family":"Marginean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2006.12.003","article-title":"Iron uptake and metabolism in the new millennium","volume":"17","author":"Dunn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02829934","article-title":"A precious metal: Iron, an essential nutrient for all cells","volume":"1","author":"Cairo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.21037\/amj.2020.03.03","article-title":"Global epidemiology and future trends of heart failure","volume":"5","author":"Lippi","year":"2020","journal-title":"AME Med. 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