{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T17:02:38Z","timestamp":1770224558065,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary Effusion Lymphoma is an extremely rare and aggressive subtype of B-cell lymphoma, accounting for only &lt;1% of all cases of this neoplasm. It has a unique clinical presentation because it has a predilection for appearing in body cavities, such as the pleural space, pericardium and peritoneum. It mainly affects immunocompromised individuals and may also affect individuals in the Mediterranean region and in areas endemic for human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Herein, we report the case of an 83-year-old immunocompetent male complaining of coughing, fever and progressive dyspnea for 3 days. His past medical history revealed a recurrent pleural effusion for the last three years, as well as losing weight and malaise. A subsequent investigation revealed a PEL diagnosis of the pleura.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T03:45:16Z","timestamp":1674099916000},"page":"370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Primary Effusion Lymphoma: A Rare and Challenging Diagnosis for Recurrent Pleural Effusion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Let\u00edcia Jacome","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 01323-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Mohrbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 01323-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1089-6763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Precil Diego Miranda de Menezes","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 01323-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Flavia Fernandes Silva","family":"Zacchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Service, Fleury Laboratory, S\u00e3o Paulo 01431-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan Ucella Dantas","family":"Medeiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Service, Fleury Laboratory, S\u00e3o Paulo 01431-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor Augusto Hamamoto","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 01323-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9rico Souza","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 01323-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Victor Barbosa","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 01323-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9rico Louren\u00e7o","family":"Cuvello-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 01323-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ot\u00e1vio","family":"Baiocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncology Center, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 01323-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro Renato","family":"Chocair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine Service, Oswaldo Cruz German Hospital, S\u00e3o Paulo 01323-020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2020.1684266","article-title":"Advances in Pleural Effusion Diagnostics","volume":"14","author":"Ferreiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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