{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T19:05:19Z","timestamp":1779217519193,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French R\u00e9gion Auvergne Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes (AURA)","award":["COOPERA 2015\u20132017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COOPERA 2015\u20132017"]}]},{"name":"IARC funds for NGS experiments","award":["COOPERA 2015\u20132017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COOPERA 2015\u20132017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Mali, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third and sixth most common cancer in men and women, respectively. Mali comprises several distinct climato-ecological zones. Most studies to date have been conducted in the sub-Sahelian zone of southern Mali, including the capital city Bamako. In this part of the country, the main risk factors for HCC are chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriage and dietary exposure to aflatoxins, a well-known hepatocarcinogen. Data are scarce for other ecological zones, but our preliminary data from 721 blood donors in the area of Timbuktu, presented in this study, suggest that chronic HBV carriage is also endemic in the northern Saharan zone of Mali. For further study, 29 healthy HBV chronic carrier volunteers were recruited from the blood transfusion center in Timbuktu. Successful viral genotyping in 20 volunteers revealed HBV genotype E in 13 cases and D in 7 cases, suggesting that this geographical and anthropological transition zone may also represent a transition zone between HBV genotypes that dominate sub-Saharan and northern Africa, respectively. Sequencing of circulating cell-free plasma DNA (cfDNA) from donors did not reveal the presence of the TP53 R249S mutation in these donors, a marker of dietary exposure to aflatoxins in sub-Saharan Africa. These results suggest that the geo-epidemiological distribution of the risk factors for HCC is not uniform across Mali, but is dependent upon climatic, socioeconomic and anthropological factors that might have an impact on patterns of chronic liver disease and cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T05:50:20Z","timestamp":1674107420000},"page":"375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["First Molecular Characterization of Chronic Hepatitis B Carriers in Timbuktu, Mali"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Philip","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanit\u00e9s Confluence (EA 1598), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, 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Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amadou B.","family":"Diarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine (CNTS, National Blood Bank), Bamako BPE1520, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Bengaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Infectiologie Charles M\u00e9rieux, Bamako BPE2283, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-9157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brehima","family":"Traor\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Infectiologie Charles M\u00e9rieux, Bamako BPE2283, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Djibril","family":"Kassogu\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital R\u00e9gional de Tombouctou, Timbuktu, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffroy","family":"Durand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Voegele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Le Calvez-Kelm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69008 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Steenkeste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondation M\u00e9rieux, 69002 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Hainaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Universit\u00e9 Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3419-5972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bourema","family":"Kouriba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Infectiologie Charles M\u00e9rieux, Bamako BPE2283, Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuelle","family":"Gormally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONFLUENCE: Sciences et Humanit\u00e9s Confluence (EA 1598), Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of Worldwide Prevalence of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Systematic Review of Data 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