{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:29:01Z","timestamp":1790947741693,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":221,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pylephlebitis, defined as infective thrombophlebitis of the portal vein, is a rare condition with an incidence of 0.37\u20132.7 cases per 100,000 person-years, which can virtually complicate any intra-abdominal or pelvic infections that develop within areas drained by the portal venous circulation. The current systematic review aimed to investigate the etiology behind pylephlebitis in terms of pathogens involved and causative infective processes, and to report the most common symptoms at clinical presentation. We included 220 individuals derived from published cases between 1971 and 2022. Of these, 155 (70.5%) were male with a median age of 50 years. There were 27 (12.3%) patients under 18 years of age, 6 (2.7%) individuals younger than one year, and the youngest reported case was only 20 days old. The most frequently reported symptoms on admission were fever (75.5%) and abdominal pain (66.4%), with diverticulitis (26.5%) and acute appendicitis (22%) being the two most common causes. Pylephlebitis was caused by a single pathogen in 94 (42.8%) cases and polymicrobial in 60 (27.2%) cases. However, the responsible pathogen was not identified or not reported in 30% of the included patients. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (25%), Bacteroides spp. (17%), and Streptococcus spp. (15%). The treatment of pylephlebitis consists initially of broad-spectrum antibiotics that should be tailored upon bacterial identification and continued for at least four to six weeks after symptom presentation. There is no recommendation for prescribing anticoagulants to all patients with pylephlebitis. However, they should be administered in patients with thrombosis progression on repeat imaging or persistent fever despite proper antibiotic therapy to increase the rates of thrombus resolution or decrease the overall mortality, which is approximately 14%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T01:57:07Z","timestamp":1674698227000},"page":"429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Pylephlebitis: A Systematic Review on Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Portal Vein Thrombosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Fusaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6121-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), 34128 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Martingano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departmet of Radiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), 34128 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9890-7011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lory Saveria","family":"Croc\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Liver Clinic, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), 34128 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9910-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Giuffr\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"208","article-title":"Case of Obliteration of the Portal Vein (Pylephlebitis Adhesiva)","volume":"16","author":"Osler","year":"1882","journal-title":"J. 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