{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:45:34Z","timestamp":1784133934675,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]],"date-time":"2023-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-15-00113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-15-00113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["075-15-2022-1110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-1110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Government of the Russian Federation","award":["22-15-00113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-15-00113"]}]},{"name":"the Government of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2022-1110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-1110"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The article describes how atherosclerosis and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) may affect each other. The features of this comorbid pathogenesis at various levels (vascular, cellular and molecular) are considered. A bidirectional influence of these conditions is described: the presence of cardiovascular diseases affects different individuals\u2019 susceptibility to viral infection. In turn, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can have a negative effect on the endothelium and cardiomyocytes, causing blood clotting, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and thus exacerbating the development of atherosclerosis. In addition to the established entry into cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), other mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry are currently under investigation, for example, through CD147. Pathogenesis of comorbidity can be determined by the influence of the virus on various links which are meaningful for atherogenesis: generation of oxidized forms of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), launch of a cytokine storm, damage to the endothelial glycocalyx, and mitochondrial injury. The transformation of a stable plaque into an unstable one plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis complications and can be triggered by COVID-19. The impact of SARS-CoV-2 on large vessels such as the aorta is more complex than previously thought considering its impact on vasa vasorum. Current information on the mutual influence of the medicines used in the treatment of atherosclerosis and acute COVID-19 is briefly summarized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T08:28:23Z","timestamp":1675067303000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Disorders and COVID-19: Comorbid Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yulia A.","family":"Makarova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Microangiopathic Mechanisms of Atherogenesis, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6973-9901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Varvara A.","family":"Ryabkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Microangiopathic Mechanisms of Atherogenesis, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"M.V. Chernorutsky Department of Internal Medicine (Hospital Course), Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir V.","family":"Salukhov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.S. Molchanov 1st Clinic for the Improvement of Physicians, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, 194044 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris V.","family":"Sagun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.S. Molchanov 1st Clinic for the Improvement of Physicians, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, 194044 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5507-6975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandr E.","family":"Korovin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Microangiopathic Mechanisms of Atherogenesis, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"N.S. Molchanov 1st Clinic for the Improvement of Physicians, S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy, 194044 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6359-0026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonid P.","family":"Churilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Microangiopathic Mechanisms of Atherogenesis, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Experimental Tuberculosis, Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2021.104459","article-title":"Unraveling the molecular crosstalk between Atherosclerosis and COVID-19 comorbidity","volume":"134","author":"Das","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Biol. 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