{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:59:49Z","timestamp":1778173189236,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]],"date-time":"2023-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Long COVID syndrome is a significant cause of morbidity in COVID-19 patients who remain symptomatic with varied clinical presentations beyond three weeks. Furthermore, the relevance of considering cardiovascular outcomes in post-COVID-19 syndrome is important in the current COVID-19 pandemic; (2) Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic searches were conducted from multiple databases without language restrictions until October 8, 2022, to find studies evaluating cardiovascular outcomes such as arrhythmias, myocardium and pericardium diseases, coronary vessel disease, and thromboembolic disorders in post-COVID cases. The pooled odds ratio (OR), and standard mean difference (SMD) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed to find the association; (3) Results: Altogether, seven studies with a total of 8,126,462 (cases: 1,321,305; controls: 6,805,157) participants were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled odds ratios of cardiovascular outcomes were significantly higher in post-COVID cases (OR &gt; 1, p &lt; 0.05) than in controls. However, the mortality (OR: 4.76, p = 0.13), and heart rate variability (SMD: \u22120.06, p = 0.91) between cases and controls were not statistically significant; (4) Conclusions: Significant cardiovascular sequelae in long COVID syndrome highlight the importance of careful cardiac monitoring of COVID-19 patients in the post-COVID phase to address cardiovascular complications as soon as possible; larger-scale prospective studies are required for accurate estimation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,30]],"date-time":"2023-01-30T08:28:23Z","timestamp":1675067303000},"page":"491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Long COVID Syndrome and Cardiovascular Manifestations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abhigan Babu","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, M Abdur Rahim Medical College, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2226-0906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aashna","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4008 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9704-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pashupati","family":"Pokharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aakash","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu 21266, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lukash","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lagankhel, Lalitpur 26500, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sajina","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, KIST Medical College, Patan 14142, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Randhir Sagar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine Jacksonville Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Surakshya","family":"Khanal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranjit","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal"},{"name":"Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411037, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5586-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behdin","family":"Nowrouzi-Kia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ReSTORE Lab, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2828-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bijaya Kumar","family":"Padhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9840-8335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijay Kumar","family":"Chattu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ReSTORE Lab, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2E8, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha 442107, India"},{"name":"Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-022-01786-2","article-title":"Long-COVID Syndrome and the Cardiovascular System: A Review of Neurocardiologic Effects on Multiple Systems","volume":"24","author":"Colombo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. 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