{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:49:56Z","timestamp":1760147396939,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Helicobacter pylori is a causative agent of gastritis, gastroduodenal ulcers and gastric adenocarcinoma. The majority of H. pylori-associated patients live in underdeveloped areas, facing the problem of lack of proper diagnostic facility. Hence, a simple and economical assay is required to handle the majority of gastric patients. Serum samples from gastroduodenal ulcers and gastritis patients were screened for H. pylori infection by thin layer immunoassay. A polystyrene plate coated with H. pylori sonicate whole cell antigen (10 \u00b5g\/mL). Two-fold diluted patient\u2019s serum was allowed to react at 37 \u00b0C, incubated at 60 \u00b0C for 1 min over a water bath and the water condensation pattern for the H. pylori antibody was recorded. ELISAs were used as reference assays to evaluate the efficacy of the developed thin layer immunoassay (TLI). Gastric patients\u2019 blood samples (62% male and 6% female) tested positive for H. pylori, while age-wise, 15\u201325-year-old males (36%) and 65\u201375-year-old females (50%) showed the highest number of H. pylori infections. TLI showed sensitivity (72\u201367%), specificity (100%), accuracy (94\u201369%) and \u03ba value (0.493\u20130.357) in comparison with wELISA (Surface whole cell ELISA), sELISA (sonicate whole cell ELISA) and kELISA (commercial KIT ELISA). We conclude that thin layer immunoassay is a low cost, fast, simple and clinically reliable method for H. pylori diagnosis at initial stages in patients in under-developed countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T04:27:02Z","timestamp":1675225622000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thin Layer Immunoassay: An Economical Approach to Diagnose Helicobacter pylori Infection in Gastroduodenal Ulcer Disease Patients of Pakistan, a Comparative Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Faisal","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA"},{"name":"Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahana Urooj","family":"Kazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Simultaneous detection and differentiation of anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies by flow microparticle immunofluorescence assay","volume":"11","author":"Koch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. 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