{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T03:06:37Z","timestamp":1773716797792,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MED-EL Elektromedizinische Ger\u00e4te GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria","award":["GU-463\/12-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GU-463\/12-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GU-463\/12-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GU-463\/12-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Competence Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention (Kompetenzzentrum f\u00fcr Interdisziplin\u00e4re Pr\u00e4vention; KIP) of the Friedrich Schiller University Jena and the Berufsgenossenschaft Nahrungsmittel und Gastgewerbe (BGN)","award":["GU-463\/12-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GU-463\/12-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface electromyography (EMG) allows reliable detection of muscle activity in all nine intrinsic and extrinsic ear muscles during facial muscle movements. The ear muscles are affected by synkinetic EMG activity in patients with postparalytic facial synkinesis (PFS). The aim of the present work was to establish a machine-learning-based algorithm to detect eyelid closure and smiling in patients with PFS by recording sEMG using surface electromyography of the auricular muscles. Sixteen patients (10 female, 6 male) with PFS were included. EMG acquisition of the anterior auricular muscle, superior auricular muscle, posterior auricular muscle, tragicus muscle, orbicularis oculi muscle, and orbicularis oris muscle was performed on both sides of the face during standardized eye closure and smiling tasks. Machine-learning EMG classification with a support vector machine allowed for the reliable detection of eye closure or smiling from the ear muscle recordings with clear distinction to other mimic expressions. These results show that the EMG of the auricular muscles in patients with PFS may contain enough information to detect facial expressions to trigger a future implant in a closed-loop system for electrostimulation to improve insufficient eye closure and smiling in patients with PFS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T03:04:23Z","timestamp":1675393463000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Machine-Learning-Based Detecting of Eyelid Closure and Smiling Using Surface Electromyography of Auricular Muscles in Patients with Postparalytic Facial Synkinesis: A Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7783-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Hochreiter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4020 Linz, Austria"},{"name":"MED-EL Elektromedizinische Ger\u00e4te GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Hoche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Janik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1245-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd Fabian","family":"Volk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Facial-Nerve-Center, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lutz","family":"Leistritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5580-5338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Anders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Motor Research, Pathophysiology and Biomechanics, Department for Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9671-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando","family":"Guntinas-Lichius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Facial-Nerve-Center, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Rare Diseases, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Paulsen, F., and Waschke, J. 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