{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T11:41:12Z","timestamp":1772451672823,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Research and Innovation","award":["no. 33PFE\/30.12.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 33PFE\/30.12.2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Esophageal stroke, also known as acute esophageal necrosis or Gurvits syndrome, is an entity that has gained more and more recognition in the last two decades. It is also named \u201cblack esophagus\u201d because of striking black discoloration of the esophageal mucosa, with an abrupt transition to normal mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction. Its most common clinical presentation is represented by upper gastrointestinal bleeding and esophagogastroduodenoscopy is the main diagnostic tool. Among the etiopathogenetic and multiple predisposing factors described are hypovolemia, shock state, ischemia, congestive heart failure, acute renal failure, infections, trauma, and diabetes mellitus. Current management of this condition consists of treating the underlying pathology, nil per os, and antacid administration in uncomplicated cases. Although most of the cases have favorable prognosis, complications such as pneumomediastinum or esophageal stricture may occur and fatal cases are a consequence of underlying comorbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030562","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T03:04:23Z","timestamp":1675393463000},"page":"562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Acute Esophageal Necrosis in Acute Pancreatitis\u2014Report of a Case and Endoscopic and Clinical Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Monica","family":"Grigore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University Central Emergency Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iulia","family":"Enache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University Central Emergency Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirela","family":"Chirvase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University Central Emergency Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrada Loredana","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University Central Emergency Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florentina","family":"Ionita-Radu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University Central Emergency Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Jinga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University Central Emergency Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8787-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandica","family":"Bucurica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University Central Emergency Military Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"583","article-title":"Acute esophageal necrosis: A retrospective case series","volume":"100","author":"Ramos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. En. Dig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-814318","article-title":"Acute necrotizing esophagitis: A large retrospective case series","volume":"36","author":"Augusto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(02)70180-6","article-title":"Acute esophageal necrosis: A 1-year prospective study","volume":"56","author":"Savoye","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davide, O., Marilia, C., Maurizio, R., Gianluca, E., Domenico, C.V., Emilio, D.G., and Bruno, A. (2019). Occurrence of Acute Oesophageal Necrosis (Black Oesophagus) in a Single Tertiary Centre. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101532"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3382-1","article-title":"Black esophagus: New insights and multicenter international experience in 2014","volume":"60","author":"Gurvits","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"529","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of acute esophageal necrosis","volume":"32","author":"Dias","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v16.i26.3219","article-title":"Black esophagus: Acute esophageal necrosis syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Gurvits","year":"2010","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e66","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30492-X","article-title":"Oesophageal necrosis and pneumomediastinum: Always examine X-rays assiduously","volume":"395","author":"Ching","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"e5698","article-title":"The case of a 72-Year-Old Male with Hematemesis and Pneumomediastinum due to Acute Bacterial Esophageal Necrosis","volume":"11","author":"Karle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(99)70173-2","article-title":"Esophageal necrosis and bleeding gastric ulcer secondary to ruptured thoracic aortic aneurysm","volume":"50","author":"Watanabe","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3575478","article-title":"A Case of Acute Esophageal Necrosis from Unruptured Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm","volume":"2020","author":"Polavarapu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case Rep. Gastrointest. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1416743","article-title":"Acute Esophageal Necrosis in a Septic Patient with a History of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"2020","author":"Coles","year":"2020","journal-title":"Case. Rep. Gastrointest. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1974-z","article-title":"Acute esophageal necrosis: A rare syndrome","volume":"42","author":"Gurvits","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00295","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.0000000000000295","article-title":"Acute Esophageal Necrosis Associated with Acute Pancreatitis","volume":"6","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. 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