{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T17:45:55Z","timestamp":1788457555903,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]],"date-time":"2023-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Eskisehir Osmangazi University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["202045E06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202045E06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to develop an algorithm for the automatic segmentation of the parotid gland on CT images of the head and neck using U-Net architecture and to evaluate the model\u2019s performance. In this retrospective study, a total of 30 anonymized CT volumes of the head and neck were sliced into 931 axial images of the parotid glands. Ground truth labeling was performed with the CranioCatch Annotation Tool (CranioCatch, Eskisehir, Turkey) by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists. The images were resized to 512 \u00d7 512 and split into training (80%), validation (10%), and testing (10%) subgroups. A deep convolutional neural network model was developed using U-net architecture. The automatic segmentation performance was evaluated in terms of the F1-score, precision, sensitivity, and the Area Under Curve (AUC) statistics. The threshold for a successful segmentation was determined by the intersection of over 50% of the pixels with the ground truth. The F1-score, precision, and sensitivity of the AI model in segmenting the parotid glands in the axial CT slices were found to be 1. The AUC value was 0.96. This study has shown that it is possible to use AI models based on deep learning to automatically segment the parotid gland on axial CT images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,6]],"date-time":"2023-02-06T04:25:28Z","timestamp":1675657528000},"page":"581","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Deep-Learning-Based Automatic Segmentation of Parotid Gland on Computed Tomography Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Merve","family":"\u00d6nder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara 06000, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4391-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cengiz","family":"Evli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara 06000, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezgi","family":"T\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Oral and Dental Health Center, Hatay 31040, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orhan","family":"Kazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Services Vocational School, Gazi University, Ankara 06560, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5036-9867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130brahim \u015eevki","family":"Bayrakdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eski\u015fehir 26040, Turkey"},{"name":"Eskisehir Osmangazi University Center of Research and Application for Computer-Aided Diagnosis and Treatment in Health, Eski\u015fehir 26040, Turkey"},{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Care Planning and Restorative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center School of Dentistry, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zer","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eskisehir Osmangazi University Center of Research and Application for Computer-Aided Diagnosis and Treatment in Health, Eski\u015fehir 26040, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics-Computer, Faculty of Science, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eski\u015fehir 26040, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4856-5417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andre Luiz Ferreira","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pedro Perez","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Division of General Pathology, School of Dentistry, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), S\u00e3o Paulo 13560-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celso Massahiro","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), S\u00e3o Paulo 01506-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohan","family":"Jagtap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Department of Care Planning and Restorative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center School of Dentistry, Jackson, MS 39216, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-0176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaan","family":"Orhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara 06000, Turkey"},{"name":"Department of Dental and Maxillofacial Radiodiagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Ankara University Medical Design Application and Research Center (MEDITAM), Ankara 06000, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21551","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2019","volume":"69","author":"Siegel","year":"2019","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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