{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:58:35Z","timestamp":1792699115127,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]],"date-time":"2023-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia (ADD) may manifest with atypical phenotypes, resembling behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) and corticobasal syndrome (CBS), phenotypes which typically have an underlying frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau proteinopathy (FTLD-tau), such as Pick\u2019s disease, corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), or FTLD with TDP-43 proteinopathy (FTLD-TDP). CSF biomarkers total and phosphorylated tau (\u03c4T and \u03c4P-181), and amyloid beta with 42 and 40 amino acids (A\u03b242 and A\u03b240) are biomarkers of AD pathology. The primary aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of A\u03b242 to A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratio in: (a) differentiating ADD vs. frontotemporal dementias; (b) patients with AD pathology vs. non-AD pathologies; (c) compare biomarker ratios and composite markers to single CSF biomarkers in the differentiation of AD from FTD; Methods: In total, 263 subjects were included (ADD: n = 98; bvFTD: n = 49; PSP: n = 50; CBD: n = 45; controls: n = 21). CSF biomarkers were measured by commercially available ELISAs (EUROIMMUN). Multiple biomarker ratios (A\u03b242\/A\u03b240; \u03c4T\/\u03c4P-181; \u03c4T\/A\u03b242; \u03c4P-181\/A\u03b242) and composite markers (t-tau: \u03c4T\/(A\u03b242\/A\u03b240); p-tau: \u03c4P-181\/(A\u03b242\/A\u03b240) were calculated. ROC curve analysis was performed to compare AUCs of A\u03b242 and A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratio and relevant composite markers between ADD and FTD, as defined clinically. BIOMARKAPD\/ABSI criteria (abnormal \u03c4T, \u03c4P-181 A\u03b242, and A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratio) were used to re-classify all patients into AD pathology vs. non-AD pathologies, and ROC curve analysis was repeated to compare A\u03b242 and A\u03b242\/A\u03b240; Results: A\u03b242 did not differ from A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratio in the differentiation of ADD from FTD (AUCs 0.752 and 0.788 respectively; p = 0.212). The \u03c4T\/A\u03b242 ratio provided maximal discrimination between ADD and FTD (AUC:0.893; sensitivity 88.8%, specificity 80%). BIOMARKAPD\/ABSI criteria classified 60 patients as having AD pathology and 211 as non-AD. A total of 22 had discrepant results and were excluded. A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratio was superior to A\u03b242 in the differentiation of AD pathology from non-AD pathology (AUCs: 0.939 and 0.831, respectively; p &lt; 0.001). In general, biomarker ratios and composite markers were superior to single CSF biomarkers in both analyses. Conclusions: A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 ratio is superior to A\u03b242 in identifying AD pathology, irrespective of the clinical phenotype. CSF biomarker ratios and composite markers provide higher diagnostic accuracy compared to single CSF biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13040783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,20]],"date-time":"2023-02-20T05:57:52Z","timestamp":1676872672000},"page":"783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["CSF A\u03b242 and A\u03b242\/A\u03b240 Ratio in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Frontotemporal Dementias"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7432-5009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilios C.","family":"Constantinides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Vass. Sophias Ave. 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Neurochemistry and Biological Markers Unit, First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Vass. Sophias Ave. 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2481-3060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George P.","family":"Paraskevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemistry and Biological Markers Unit, First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Vass. Sophias Ave. 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Second Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, Rimini 1, 12462 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9691-9465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fotini","family":"Boufidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemistry and Biological Markers Unit, First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Vass. Sophias Ave. 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Bourbouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurochemistry and Biological Markers Unit, First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Vass. Sophias Ave. 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2197-2434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efstratios-Stylianos","family":"Pyrgelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Vass. Sophias Ave. 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonidas","family":"Stefanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Vass. Sophias Ave. 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Kapaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Vass. Sophias Ave. 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Neurochemistry and Biological Markers Unit, First Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Eginition Hospital, Vass. Sophias Ave. 74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.004","article-title":"Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Jack","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(84)80190-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Initial report of the purification and characterization of a novel cerebrovascular amyloid protein","volume":"120","author":"Glenner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. 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