{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T07:29:27Z","timestamp":1782458967287,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma (SRHCC) is an uncommon and life-threatening complication in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is usually associated with chronic liver disease and has a poor prognosis with a high mortality rate during the acute phase. SRHCC can cause a severe and urgent condition of acute abdomen disease and requires a correct diagnosis to achieve adequate treatment. Clinical presentation is related to the presence of hemoperitoneum, and abdominal pain is the most common symptom (66\u2013100% of cases). Although the treatment approach is not unique, trans-arterial (chemo)embolization (TAE\/TACE) followed by staged hepatectomy has shown better results in long-term survival. A multi-phase contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) scan is a pivotal technique in the diagnosis of SRHCC due to its diagnostic accuracy and optimal temporal resolution. The correct interpretation of the main CT findings in SRHCC, such as active contrast extravasation and the sentinel clot sign, is fundamental for a prompt and correct diagnosis. Furthermore, CT also plays a role as a post-operative control procedure, especially in patients treated with TAE\/TACE. Therefore, a multi-phase CECT scan should be the diagnostic tool of choice in SRHCC since it suggests an immediate need for treatment with a consequent improvement in prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T01:58:22Z","timestamp":1678240702000},"page":"1021","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Spontaneously Ruptured Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Computed Tomography-Based Assessment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fabio","family":"Sandomenico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Buon Consiglio Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 80123 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerio","family":"Arpaia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"De Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, SG Moscati Hospital, ASL Caserta, 81131 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orlando","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, SG Moscati Hospital, ASL Caserta, 81131 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Antonino","family":"Buonaiuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Notarangelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Iovino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Istituto Diagnostico Varelli, via Cornelia dei Gracchi 65, 80126 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Giovine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, SG Moscati Hospital, ASL Caserta, 81131 Aversa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Brunetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria \u201cFederico II\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0910-8064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariano","family":"Scaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, San Giuliano Hospital, Giugliano in Campania (NA), 28100 Novara, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2020-0202","article-title":"Hemoperitoneum Caused by Spontaneous Rupture of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Noncirrhotic Liver. 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