{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T17:40:03Z","timestamp":1789926003587,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute variceal bleeding (AVB) is a potentially fatal complication of clinically significant portal hypertension and is one of the most common causes of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Thus, esophagogastric varices represent a major economic and population health issue. Patients with advanced chronic liver disease typically undergo an upper endoscopy to screen for esophagogastric varices. However, upper endoscopy is not recommended for patients with liver stiffness &lt; 20 KPa and platelet count &gt; 150 \u00d7 109\/L as there is a low probability of high-risk varices. Patients with high-risk varices should receive primary prophylaxis with either nonselective beta-blockers or endoscopic band ligation. In cases of AVB, patients should receive upper endoscopy within 12 h after resuscitation and hemodynamic stability, whereas endoscopy should be performed as soon as possible if patients are unstable. In cases of suspected variceal bleeding, starting vasoactive therapy as soon as possible in combination with endoscopic treatment is recommended. On the other hand, in cases of uncontrolled bleeding, balloon tamponade or self-expandable metal stents can be used as a bridge to more definitive therapy such as transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. This article aims to offer a comprehensive review of recommendations from international guidelines as well as recent updates on the management of esophagogastric varices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T01:35:37Z","timestamp":1678325737000},"page":"1031","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Diagnosis and Management of Esophagogastric Varices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Socrate","family":"Pallio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppinella","family":"Melita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Pathology of Adult and Child Department, University of Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4909-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Endrit","family":"Shahini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology IRCCS \u201cS. de Bellis\u201d Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vitello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. Elia-Raimondi Hospital, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Sinagra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Instituto San Raffaele Giglio, 90015 Cefal\u00f9, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2685-6504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Lattanzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Emergency Endoscopy Unit, Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2107-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Facciorusso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, 00161 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryl","family":"Ramai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4992-9289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Maida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, S. 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