{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:17:59Z","timestamp":1787167079543,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tinnitus is a highly prevalent and frequently disabling condition, such that the identification of possible causal mechanisms would yield significant clinical and social benefits. Since vitamin D (Vit D) is involved in the pathogenesis of several ear disturbances, we review here the current scientific literature addressing the relationship between Vit D status and tinnitus. Methods: An electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science with the keywords \u201ctinnitus\u201d and \u201cVitamin D\u201d or \u201cVit D\u201d or \u201c25OH-D\u201d or \u201ccholecalciferol\u201d or \u201cergocalciferol\u201d or \u201chydroxycholecalciferol\u201d, without date (i.e., up to 8 February 2023) or language restrictions, in accordance with a protocol based on the transparent reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) 2020 checklist, for identifying studies which assayed serum Vit D concentration in patients with or without tinnitus. Results: Three observational, case-control studies encompassing four cohorts and totaling 468 patients with (n = 268) or without tinnitus (n = 200) were included in this meta-analysis. Pooled analysis with quality effects models evidenced significantly reduced serum Vit D levels in patients with tinnitus compared to those without (weighted mean difference [WMD], \u22126.2 ng\/mL; 95% CI, \u221210.3 to \u22122.1 ng\/mL; I2, 56%). Serum Vit D was found to be 22% lower in patients with tinnitus compared to those without. Conclusions: Lower serum Vit D levels may be associated with tinnitus, thus paving the way to plan future trials aimed at exploring whether Vit D supplementation may aid in preventing and\/or improving tinnitus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T01:35:37Z","timestamp":1678325737000},"page":"1037","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Serum Vitamin D Concentration Is Lower in Patients with Tinnitus: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Nocini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon M.","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-2525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Mattiuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Direction, Rovereto Hospital, Provincial Agency for Social and Sanitary Services (APSS) of Trento, Via Alcide Degasperi, 38123 Trento, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9523-9054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Verona, Piazzale L. A. Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-62630-1.00023-8","article-title":"Tinnitus","volume":"129","author":"Levine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messina, A., Corvaia, A., and Marino, C. (2022). Definition of Tinnitus. Audiol. 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