{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:04:46Z","timestamp":1790899486488,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]],"date-time":"2023-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral entrapment, and recently, ultrasound-guided perineural injection (UPIT) and percutaneous flexor retinaculum release (UPCTR) have been utilized to treat CTS. However, no systematic review or meta-analysis has included both intervention types of ultrasound-guided interventions for CTS. Therefore, we performed this review using four databases (i.e., PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane) to evaluate the quality of evidence, effectiveness, and safety of the published studies on ultrasound-guided interventions in CTS. Among sixty studies selected for systemic review, 20 randomized treatment comparison or controlled studies were included in six meta-analyses. Steroid UPIT with ultrasound guidance outperformed that with landmark guidance. UPIT with higher-dose steroids outperformed that with lower-dose steroids. UPIT with 5% dextrose in water (D5W) outperformed control injection and hydrodissection with high-volume D5W was superior to that with low-volume D5W. UPIT with platelet-rich plasma outperformed various control treatments. UPCTR outperformed open surgery in terms of symptom improvement but not functional improvement. No serious adverse events were reported in the studies reviewed. The findings suggest that both UPIT and UPCTR may provide clinically important benefits and appear safe. Further treatment comparison studies are required to determine comparative therapeutic efficacy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T02:29:59Z","timestamp":1679020199000},"page":"1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Ultrasound-Guided Interventions for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1392-829X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"King Hei Stanley","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Clinical Research, The Hong Kong Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Center for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1175-7909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Tsan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Integrated Pain Management Center, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2346-2326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth Dean","family":"Reeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Practice PM&R and Pain Management, 4840 El Monte, Roeland Park, KS 66205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7485-471X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felice","family":"Galluccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan"},{"name":"Fisiotech Lab. Studio, Rheumatology and Pain Management, 50136 Firenze, Italy"},{"name":"Morphological Madrid Research Center (MoMaRC), 10107 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7432-1793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah El-Sayed","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morphological Madrid Research Center (MoMaRC), 10107 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt"},{"name":"Clinical Neurophysiology Fellowship, Arab Board of Health Specializations, Ministry of Health, Baghdad 61298, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip W. H.","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.09.013","article-title":"Clinical Course and Prognostic Factors in Conservatively Managed Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Systematic Review","volume":"97","author":"Burton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. 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