{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T23:57:17Z","timestamp":1787183837177,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]],"date-time":"2023-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University","award":["02\/2563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/2563"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University","award":["01\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/2564"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University","award":["HSRI 63-147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSRI 63-147"]}]},{"name":"Prince of Songkla University","award":["02\/2563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/2563"]}]},{"name":"Prince of Songkla University","award":["01\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/2564"]}]},{"name":"Prince of Songkla University","award":["HSRI 63-147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSRI 63-147"]}]},{"name":"Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI)","award":["02\/2563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/2563"]}]},{"name":"Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI)","award":["01\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/2564"]}]},{"name":"Health Systems Research Institute (HSRI)","award":["HSRI 63-147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSRI 63-147"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Office (RDO) and Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University","award":["02\/2563"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02\/2563"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Office (RDO) and Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University","award":["01\/2564"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01\/2564"]}]},{"name":"Research and Development Office (RDO) and Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University","award":["HSRI 63-147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HSRI 63-147"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acid\u2013base disorders occur when the body\u2019s normal pH is out of balance. They can be caused by problems with kidney or respiratory function or by an excess of acids or bases that the body cannot properly eliminate. Acid\u2013base and potassium imbalances are mechanistically linked because acid\u2013base imbalances can alter the transport of potassium. Both acid\u2013base and potassium imbalances are common in critically ill patients. This study investigated machine learning models for predicting the occurrence of acid\u2013base and potassium imbalances in intensive care patients. We used an institutional dataset of 1089 patients with 87 variables, including vital signs, general appearance, and laboratory results. Gradient boosting (GB) was able to predict nine clinical conditions related to acid\u2013base and potassium imbalances: mortality (AUROC = 0.9822), hypocapnia (AUROC = 0.7524), hypercapnia (AUROC = 0.8228), hypokalemia (AUROC = 0.9191), hyperkalemia (AUROC = 0.9565), respiratory acidosis (AUROC = 0.8125), respiratory alkalosis (AUROC = 0.7685), metabolic acidosis (AUROC = 0.8682), and metabolic alkalosis (AUROC = 0.8284). Some predictions remained relatively robust even when the prediction window was increased. Additionally, the decision-making process was made more interpretable and transparent through the use of SHAP analysis. Overall, the results suggest that machine learning could be a useful tool to gain insight into the condition of intensive care patients and assist in the management of acid\u2013base and potassium imbalances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T02:38:27Z","timestamp":1679279907000},"page":"1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prediction of Acid-Base and Potassium Imbalances in Intensive Care Patients Using Machine Learning Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0366-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ratchakit","family":"Phetrittikun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5906-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerdkiat","family":"Suvirat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6215-5847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kanakorn","family":"Horsiritham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Digital Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8894-3817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thammasin","family":"Ingviya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Center for Medical Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3159-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sitthichok","family":"Chaichulee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Center for Medical Data Analytics, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60446-1","article-title":"Critical care and the global burden of critical illness in adults","volume":"376","author":"Adhikari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bhagavan, N., and Ha, C.E. 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