{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:39:57Z","timestamp":1775641197976,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness","award":["P19\/01194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P19\/01194"]}]},{"name":"European Fund for Regional Development (FEDER)","award":["P19\/01194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P19\/01194"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The second-most frequent diagnosis among patients receiving liver transplants (LTs) is alcoholic liver disease. The multifactorial pathophysiology of alcoholic liver disease depends on the innate immune system and the inflammatory cascade. According to recent studies on these receptors, killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) may be involved in sepsis, liver rejection, and virus relapse. We aimed to investigate the impact of preclinical issues like ascites and encephalopathy and KIR genetic traits on death from sepsis, multiorgan failure (MF), and graft failure (GF) in AC patients undergoing LTs. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 164 consecutive and deceased Caucasian AC patients who underwent LTs. Pre-transplant complications, cause of death, and patient survival were analyzed. Genomic DNA was taken from peripheral blood, and PCR-SSO was used for genotyping KIR. Results: Compared to GF patients, there was a statistically significant increase in the frequency of KIR2DL2+ (75.8% vs. 51.2%; p = 0.047). Another increase in frequency was also observed in KIR2DS2+ in sepsis compared to the GF group (51.2% vs. 43.7%; p = 0.018). In patients who passed away from MF, a decrease in KIR2DL5+ was observed in AC patients with and without encephalopathy (p = 0.018). The frequency of KIR3DL1+ in the AC patients significantly increased the mortality from sepsis (p = 0.045), which was confirmed by multivariate logistic regression. The frequency of KIR3DL1+ in the AC patients significantly increased the mortality from sepsis (p = 0.012) and was confirmed by multivariate logistic regression. KIR2DS1+ and KIR2DS4+ showed increased mortality due to GF compared to patients without these genes (p = 0.011 and 0.012, respectively). However, this fact was confirmed only for KIR2DS1+ by multivariate logistic Cox regression. Conclusions: The presence of the KIR2DL2\/S2+, KIR2DL5+, and KIR3DL1+ genes increases the frequency of death from multiple organ failure or graft failure. Our findings highlight the AC patient\u2019s vulnerability to a LT during hospitalization. Following the transplant and outside of it, we adopt essential preventive measures to create a routine healthcare screening to enhance and modify treatments to increase survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13071217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T04:37:28Z","timestamp":1679546248000},"page":"1217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Presence of KIR2DL2\/S2, KIR2DL5, and KIR3DL1 Molecules in Liver Transplant Recipients with Alcoholic Cirrhosis Could Be Implicated in Death by Graft Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2400-9213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel","family":"Bolar\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9987-0994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Muro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Service, Instituto Murciano de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria (IMIB), Hospital Cl\u00ednico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca (HCUVA), 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1140-4313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Legaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.6002\/ect.2017.0302","article-title":"Patient Sex in the Setting of Liver Transplant in Alcoholic Liver Disease","volume":"17","author":"Legaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. 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