{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:34:33Z","timestamp":1787891673478,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]],"date-time":"2023-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A pneumothorax is a condition that occurs in the lung region when air enters the pleural space\u2014the area between the lung and chest wall\u2014causing the lung to collapse and making it difficult to breathe. This can happen spontaneously or as a result of an injury. The symptoms of a pneumothorax may include chest pain, shortness of breath, and rapid breathing. Although chest X-rays are commonly used to detect a pneumothorax, locating the affected area visually in X-ray images can be time-consuming and prone to errors. Existing computer technology for detecting this disease from X-rays is limited by three major issues, including class disparity, which causes overfitting, difficulty in detecting dark portions of the images, and vanishing gradient. To address these issues, we propose an ensemble deep learning model called PneumoNet, which uses synthetic images from data augmentation to address the class disparity issue and a segmentation system to identify dark areas. Finally, the issue of the vanishing gradient, which becomes very small during back propagation, can be addressed by hyperparameter optimization techniques that prevent the model from slowly converging and poorly performing. Our model achieved an accuracy of 98.41% on the Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine pneumothorax dataset, outperforming other deep learning models and reducing the computation complexities in detecting the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13071305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T01:37:02Z","timestamp":1680226622000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["\u201cQuo Vadis Diagnosis\u201d: Application of Informatics in Early Detection of Pneumothorax"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"V. Dhilip","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600062, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-4883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Rajesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600062, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8347-8733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oana","family":"Geman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computers, Electronics and Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8358-968X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Daniela","family":"Craciun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Motricity Sciences and Human Health, \u015etefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Superior University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania"},{"name":"Suceava Emergency County Hospital, 720224 Suceava, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S372","article-title":"Pneumothorax: From definition to diagnosis and treatment","volume":"6","author":"Zarogoulidis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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