{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T22:14:52Z","timestamp":1776464092677,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) represents a heterogeneous group of morphological changes in the brain tissue that can predispose the development of pharmacoresistant epilepsy (recurring, unprovoked seizures which cannot be managed with medications). This group of neurological disorders affects not only the cerebral cortex but also the subjacent white matter. This work reviews the literature describing the morphological substrate of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. All illustrations presented in this study are obtained from brain biopsies from refractory epilepsy patients investigated by the authors. Regarding classification, there are three main FCD types, all of which involve cortical dyslamination. The 2022 revision of the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) FCD classification includes new histologically defined pathological entities: mild malformation of cortical development (mMCD), mild malformation of cortical development with oligodendroglial hyperplasia in frontal lobe epilepsy (MOGHE), and \u201cno FCD on histopathology\u201d. Although the pathomorphological characteristics of the various forms of focal cortical dysplasias are well known, their aetiologic and pathogenetic features remain elusive. The identification of genetic variants in FCD opens an avenue for novel treatment strategies, which are of particular utility in cases where total resection of the epileptogenic area is impossible.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13071311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T08:27:27Z","timestamp":1680251247000},"page":"1311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Pathomorphological Diagnostic Criteria for Focal Cortical Dysplasias and Other Common Epileptogenic Lesions\u2014Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Dimitar","family":"Metodiev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropathological Laboratory, University Hospital \u201cSaint Ivan Rilski\u201d, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Nadezhda Women\u2019s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krassimir","family":"Minkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Surgery Center, University Hospital \u201cSaint Ivan Rilski\u201d, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Ruseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Nadezhda Women\u2019s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rumiana","family":"Ganeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Nadezhda Women\u2019s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitar","family":"Parvanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Nadezhda Women\u2019s Health Hospital, 1373 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sevdalin","family":"Nachev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropathological Laboratory, University Hospital \u201cSaint Ivan Rilski\u201d, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Milanov, I., and Bozhinova, V. 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