{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T04:48:43Z","timestamp":1788410923922,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]],"date-time":"2023-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute lower respiratory infection is a leading cause of death in developing countries. Hence, progress has been made for early detection and treatment. There is still a need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, particularly in resource-limited settings. Chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) have the potential to serve as effective screening tools for lower respiratory infections, but the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in these areas is limited. To address this gap, we present a computer-aided diagnostic system for chest X-ray and CT images of several common pulmonary diseases, including COVID-19, viral pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia, tuberculosis, lung opacity, and various types of carcinoma. The proposed system depends on super-resolution (SR) techniques to enhance image details. Deep learning (DL) techniques are used for both SR reconstruction and classification, with the InceptionResNetv2 model used as a feature extractor in conjunction with a multi-class support vector machine (MCSVM) classifier. In this paper, we compare the proposed model performance to those of other classification models, such as Resnet101 and Inceptionv3, and evaluate the effectiveness of using both softmax and MCSVM classifiers. The proposed system was tested on three publicly available datasets of CT and X-ray images and it achieved a classification accuracy of 98.028% using a combination of SR and InceptionResNetv2. Overall, our system has the potential to serve as a valuable screening tool for lower respiratory disorders and assist clinicians in interpreting chest X-ray and CT images. In resource-limited settings, it can also provide a valuable diagnostic support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13071319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T01:37:05Z","timestamp":1680485825000},"page":"1319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Simultaneous Super-Resolution and Classification of Lung Disease Scans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Heba M.","family":"Emara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, High Institute of Electronic Engineering, Ministry of Higher Education, Bilbis-Sharqiya 44621, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3220-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed R.","family":"Shoaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering (SCSE), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7509-2120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walid","family":"El-Shafai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Security Engineering Lab, Computer Science Department, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2924-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elwekeil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezz El-Din","family":"Hemdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1790-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"Fouda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taha E.","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1567-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adel S.","family":"El-Fishawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El-Sayed M.","family":"El-Rabaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fathi E. Abd","family":"El-Samie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia University, Menouf 32952, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cruz, A.A. (2007). Global Surveillance, Prevention and Control of Chronic Respiratory Diseases: A Comprehensive Approach."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators (2020). Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Respir. Med., 8, 585\u2013596."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2020). 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