{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:58:58Z","timestamp":1790733538775,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deputyship for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Education","award":["IF-PSAU-2021\/03\/18577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IF-PSAU-2021\/03\/18577"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) and osteoarthritis (OA) are chronic noncommunicable diseases that affect millions of people worldwide. OA and DM are prevalent worldwide and associated with chronic pain and disability. Evidence suggests that DM and OA coexist within the same population. The coexistence of DM in patients with OA has been linked to the development and progression of the disease. Furthermore, DM is associated with a greater degree of osteoarthritic pain. Numerous risk factors are common to both DM and OA. Age, sex, race, and metabolic diseases (e.g., obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia) have been identified as risk factors. These risk factors (demographics and metabolic disorder) are associated with DM or OA. Other possible factors may include sleep disorders and depression. Medications for metabolic syndromes might be related to the incidence and progression of OA, with conflicting results. Given the growing body of evidence indicating a relationship between DM and OA, it is vital to analyze, interpret, and integrate these findings. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to evaluate the evidence on the prevalence, relationship, pain, and risk factors of both DM and OA. The research was limited to knee, hip, and hand OA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13081386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T01:33:03Z","timestamp":1681176783000},"page":"1386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Osteoarthritis and Diabetes: Where Are We and Where Should We Go?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Aqeel M.","family":"Alenazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2936-7581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed S.","family":"Alhowimel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0028-0957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed M.","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departement of Physical Therapy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bader A.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norah A.","family":"Alhwoaimel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8294-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil A.","family":"Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MI 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Kluding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MI 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100587","article-title":"Global, regional prevalence, incidence and risk factors of knee osteoarthritis in population-based studies","volume":"29\u201330","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"719","article-title":"Direct medical costs unique to people with arthritis","volume":"24","author":"Gabriel","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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