{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:21:50Z","timestamp":1791825710179,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":180,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indirect ophthalmoscopy and handheld retinal imaging are the most common and traditional modalities for the evaluation and documentation of the pediatric fundus, especially for pre-verbal children. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows for in vivo visualization that resembles histology, and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) allows for non-invasive depth-resolved imaging of the retinal vasculature. Both OCT and OCTA were extensively used and studied in adults, but not in children. The advent of prototype handheld OCT and OCTA have allowed for detailed imaging in younger infants and even neonates in the neonatal care intensive unit with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). In this review, we discuss the use of OCTA and OCTA in various pediatric retinal diseases, including ROP, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), Coats disease and other less common diseases. For example, handheld portable OCT was shown to detect subclinical macular edema and incomplete foveal development in ROP, as well as subretinal exudation and fibrosis in Coats disease. Some challenges in the pediatric age group include the lack of a normative database and the difficulty in image registration for longitudinal comparison. We believe that technological improvements in the use of OCT and OCTA will improve our understanding and care of pediatric retina patients in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13081461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T05:53:07Z","timestamp":1681797187000},"page":"1461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Pediatric Retinal Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Chung-Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yin-Hsi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin S. W.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"DUKE NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu Yen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"DUKE NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. V. Paul","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3760-7255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Chi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew S. H.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"DUKE NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.101018","article-title":"Assessment and management of retinopathy of prematurity in the era of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)","volume":"88","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.05.019","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography imaging of the pediatric retina","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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