{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T19:48:55Z","timestamp":1792266535702,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stethoscopes were originally designed for the auscultation of a patient\u2019s chest for the purpose of listening to lung and heart sounds. These aid medical professionals in their evaluation of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, as well as in other applications, such as listening to bowel sounds in the gastrointestinal system or assessing for vascular bruits. Listening to internal sounds during chest auscultation aids healthcare professionals in their diagnosis of a patient\u2019s illness. We performed an extensive literature review on the currently available stethoscopes specifically for use in chest auscultation. By understanding the specificities of the different stethoscopes available, healthcare professionals can capitalize on their beneficial features, to serve both clinical and educational purposes. Additionally, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has also highlighted the unique application of digital stethoscopes for telemedicine. Thus, the advantages and limitations of digital stethoscopes are reviewed. Lastly, to determine the best available stethoscopes in the healthcare industry, this literature review explored various benchmarking methods that can be used to identify areas of improvement for existing stethoscopes, as well as to serve as a standard for the general comparison of stethoscope quality. The potential use of digital stethoscopes for telemedicine amidst ongoing technological advancements in wearable sensors and modern communication facilities such as 5G are also discussed. Based on the ongoing trend in advancements in wearable technology, telemedicine, and smart hospitals, understanding the benefits and limitations of the digital stethoscope is an essential consideration for potential equipment deployment, especially during the height of the current COVID-19 pandemic and, more importantly, for future healthcare crises when human and resource mobility is restricted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13091545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T01:16:25Z","timestamp":1682471785000},"page":"1545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Review on the Advancements of Stethoscope Types in Chest Auscultation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4161-1804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Jie","family":"Seah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiale","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0909-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"De Yun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4380-3888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heow Pueh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Be\u0148a\u010dka, R. (2022, December 08). Auscultation of Lung Sounds and Murmurs. Available online: http:\/\/patfyz.medic.upjs.sk\/simulatorvzorky\/Respiratory+auscultation.htm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524688","DOI":"10.1080\/10872981.2018.1524688","article-title":"Digital devices for teaching cardiac auscultation\u2014A randomized pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Legget","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Educ. Online"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.156.3.9701115","article-title":"Respiratory Sounds","volume":"156","author":"Pasterkamp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.4081\/jphr.2013.e28","article-title":"Technology and the Future of Healthcare","volume":"2","author":"Thimbleby","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Public Health Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabo5867","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abo5867","article-title":"Fully portable continuous real-time auscultation with a soft wearable stethoscope designed for automated disease diagnosis","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-016-9925-6","article-title":"A sneak peek into digital innovations and wearable sensors for cardiac monitoring","volume":"31","author":"Michard","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Monit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-018-0540-2","article-title":"Sound differences between electronic and acoustic stethoscopes","volume":"17","author":"Nowak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.73040440018014","article-title":"An Approach to the Ideal Stethoscope","volume":"178","author":"Littmann","year":"1961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"3M\u2122 (2023, April 15). 3M\u2122 Littmann\u00ae Classic III\u2122 Stethoscope. 3M\u2122 Littmann\u00ae Stethoscopes. Available online: https:\/\/www.littmann.3m.com.sg\/3M\/en_SG\/littmann-stethoscopes-sg\/products\/~\/3M-Littmann-Classic-III-Stethoscope-5811-Smoke-Finish-Chestpiece-Black-Tube-27-in-3-Each-Case\/?N=5932256+8711017+3288984187+3294226472&preselect=8707414+8727096+3293786499&rt=rud."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"3M\u2122 (2023, April 15). Littmann\u00ae 3100 and 3200 Brochure. 3M\u2122 Littmann\u00ae Stethoscopes. Available online: https:\/\/pdf.medicalexpo.com\/pdf\/3m-littmann-stethoscopes\/littmann-3100-3200-brochure\/70648-98443-_4.html."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"3M\u2122 (2023, April 15). 3M\u2122 Littmann\u00ae CORE Digital Stethoscope. 3M\u2122 Littmann\u00ae Stethoscopes. Available online: https:\/\/www.littmann.com\/3M\/en_US\/littmann-stethoscopes\/products\/~\/3M-Littmann-CORE-Digital-Stethoscope-8890-Mirror-Chestpiece-Black-Tube-Stem-and-Headset-27-inch\/?N=5932256+8711017+3288508928+3294857497&preselect=8779523+3293786499&rt=rud."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1177\/014107688007300611","article-title":"Evolution of the Stethoscope","volume":"73","author":"Bishop","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"28","article-title":"Respiratory auscultation: How to use a stethoscope","volume":"103","author":"Ferns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nurs. Times"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/jpcs.jpcs_47_18","article-title":"Electronic stethoscopes: Brief review of clinical utility, evidence, and future implications","volume":"4","author":"Landge","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pract. Cardiovasc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(97)00977-6","article-title":"Clinical Comparison of Acoustic and Electronic Stethoscopes and Design of a New Electronic Stethoscope","volume":"81","author":"Grenier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2022.117194","article-title":"Stethoscope acoustics","volume":"539","author":"Nussbaumer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-16-0193","article-title":"New Stethoscope with Extensible Diaphragm","volume":"80","author":"Takashina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.591149","article-title":"Cardiac Auscultation","volume":"113","author":"Tavel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-015-0056-y","article-title":"The electronic stethoscope","volume":"14","author":"Leng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.05.016","article-title":"\u201cThe report of my death\u2026\u201d","volume":"162","author":"Reinhart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztac044","article-title":"Smartphone as an electronic stethoscope: Factors influencing heart sound quality","volume":"3","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Perera, H. (2023, February 23). Advancements of Electronic Stethoscope: A Review. Available online: http:\/\/ir.kdu.ac.lk\/handle\/345\/4811."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2147\/MDER.S135882","article-title":"Digital stethoscope: Technology update","volume":"11","author":"Swarup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Devices Evid. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Bakshi, N.K., and Gupta, M. (2014). Wireless Electronic Stethoscope. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol., 3."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.12.022","article-title":"Digital Stethoscope\u2014Improved Auscultation at the Bedside","volume":"123","author":"Silverman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Myint, W.W., and Dillard, B. (2001, January 20). An electronic stethoscope with diagnosis capability. Proceedings of the 33rd Southeastern Symposium on System Theory (Cat. No.01EX460), Athens, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Cain, P.A., Ahroon, W.A., and Greenburg, D. (2002). An Assessment of Acoustic and Electronic Stethoscope Performance in the UH-60 Noise Environment, Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.04.002","article-title":"In flight auscultation: Comparison of electronic and conventional stethoscopes","volume":"29","author":"Tourtier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-5506.2017.00508.3","article-title":"Review of A Low Cost Digital Stethoscope","volume":"8","author":"Reddy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25210","article-title":"Making digital auscultation accessible and accurate","volume":"56","author":"Kevat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2020.3020494","article-title":"Electronic Stethoscope Filtering Mimics the Perceived Sound Characteristics of Acoustic Stethoscope","volume":"25","author":"Rennoll","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2008.02480.x","article-title":"A visual stethoscope for pediatric patient","volume":"18","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chowdhury, M.E., Khandakar, A., Alzoubi, K., Mansoor, S., Tahir, A.M., Reaz, M.B.I., and Al-Emadi, N. (2019). Real-Time Smart-Digital Stethoscope System for Heart Diseases Monitoring. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122781"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurtel.2016.09.003","article-title":"Development and experimentation of a new digital communicating and intelligent stethoscope","volume":"5","author":"Reichert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Res. Telemed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-022-07499-6","article-title":"Deep learning models for detecting respiratory pathologies from raw lung auscultation sounds","volume":"26","author":"Alqudah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.103.22.2711","article-title":"Artificial Neural Network\u2013Based Method of Screening Heart Murmurs in Children","volume":"103","author":"DeGroff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunese, L., Mercaldo, F., Reginelli, A., and Santone, A. (2022). A Neural Network-Based Method for Respiratory Sound Analysis and Lung Disease Detection. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12083877"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Gr\u00f8nnesby, M., Solis, J.C.A., Holsb\u00f8, E., Melbye, H., and Bongo, L.A. (2017). Feature Extraction for Machine Learning Based Crackle Detection in Lung Sounds from a Health Survey. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira-Cardoso, H., J\u00e1come, C., Silva, S., Amorim, A., Redondo, M.T., Fontoura-Matias, J., Vicente-Ferreira, M., Vieira-Marques, P., Valente, J., and Almeida, R. (2021). Lung Auscultation Using the Smartphone\u2014Feasibility Study in Real-World Clinical Practice. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21144931"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41928-017-0001-0","article-title":"Monitoring vital signs over multiplexed radio by near-field coherent sensing","volume":"1","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Electron."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/31\/4\/004","article-title":"Segmentation of heart sound recordings by a duration-dependent hidden Markov model","volume":"31","author":"Schmidt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjinnov-2021-000715","article-title":"Development and validation of a low-cost electronic stethoscope: DIY digital stethoscope","volume":"7","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Innov."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627337","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.627337","article-title":"Real-World Verification of Artificial Intelligence Algorithm-Assisted Auscultation of Breath Sounds in Children","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayorga, P., Druzgalski, C., Morelos, R.L., Gonz\u00e1lez, O.H., and Vidales, J. (September, January 31). Acoustics based assessment of respiratory diseases using GMM classification. Proceedings of the 2010 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Buenos Aires, Argentina.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2010.5628092"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2013.2241763","article-title":"Microwave Stethoscope: Development and Benchmarking of a Vital Signs Sensor Using Computer-Controlled Phantoms and Human Studies","volume":"61","author":"Celik","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65354-w","article-title":"use of spectrograms improves the classification of wheezes and crackles in an educational setting","volume":"10","author":"Storvoll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2021.106913","article-title":"A dataset of lung sounds recorded from the chest wall using an electronic stethoscope","volume":"35","author":"Fraiwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9655.2010.01609.x","article-title":"Learning to listen: Auscultation and the transmission of auditory knowledge","volume":"16","author":"Rice","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. R. Anthr. Inst."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2008.17.12.30307","article-title":"The art of auscultation: Evaluating a patient\u2019s respiratory pathology","volume":"17","author":"Ferns","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H., Wei, Q., Lee, S., and Lee, M. (2022). Novel Design of a Multimodal Technology-Based Smart Stethoscope for Personal Cardiovascular Health Monitoring. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176465"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2020.1757770","article-title":"Design and development of a digital stethoscope encapsulation for simultaneous acquisition of phonocardiography and electrocardiography signals: The SmartHeart case study","volume":"44","author":"Baptista","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown, C., Chauhan, J., Grammenos, A., Han, J., Hasthanasombat, A., Spathis, D., Xia, T., Cicuta, P., and Mascolo, C. (2020, January 6\u201310). Exploring Automatic Diagnosis of COVID-19 from Crowdsourced Respiratory Sound Data. Proceedings of the 26th ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, Virtual Event, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3394486.3412865"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E920","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.109-5637","article-title":"Doctors need retraining to keep up with technological change","volume":"190","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Innova Smart Technologies (Pvt.) Ltd., and Rehman Medical Institute\u2014RMI (Directors) (2022, February 23). Comparison of uSteth to the Conventional Stethoscope for Auscultation of Heart and Lung Sounds, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05252130."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13485480","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of the 3M Littmann Electronic Stethoscope Model 3200 in 150 cats","volume":"15","author":"Blass","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(52)90046-X","article-title":"The effects of improper fitting of stethoscope to ears on auscultatory efficiency","volume":"43","author":"Rappaport","year":"1952","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1601185","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601185","article-title":"Epidermal mechano-acoustic sensing electronics for cardiovascular diagnostics and human-machine interfaces","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOMS.0000044968.45013.ce","article-title":"A Simple Computer-Based Measurement and Analysis System of Pulmonary Auscultation Sounds","volume":"28","author":"Polat","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Lin, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Gao, Y., Chen, G., and Xiong, H. (2017, January 4\u20138). Classifying respiratory sounds using electronic stethoscope. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Smart World, Ubiquitous Intelligence & Computing, Advanced & Trusted Computed, Scalable Computing & Communications, Cloud & Big Data Computing, Internet of People and Smart City Innovation (SmartWorld\/SCALCOM\/UIC\/ATC\/CBDCom\/IOP\/SCI), San Francisco, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/UIC-ATC.2017.8397496"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2224","DOI":"10.1121\/1.403655","article-title":"Comparison of the acoustic properties of six popular stethoscopes","volume":"91","author":"Abella","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.1950020508","article-title":"Comparison of the lung sound frequency spectra of infants and adults","volume":"2","author":"Kanga","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24633","article-title":"Acoustic analysis of neonatal breath sounds using digital stethoscope technology","volume":"55","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13786","article-title":"A systematic review of novel technology for monitoring infant and newborn heart rate","volume":"106","author":"Kevat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14686","article-title":"Digital stethoscopes in paediatric medicine","volume":"108","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s40748-022-00144-y","article-title":"Non-invasive sensor methods used in monitoring newborn babies after birth, a clinical perspective","volume":"8","author":"Anton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Matern. Health Neonatol. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.780","article-title":"Accuracy of Analog Telephonic Stethoscopy for Pediatric Telecardiology","volume":"112","author":"Belmont","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, H.K., and Harsola, A. (2016, January 23\u201325). Development of embedded stethoscope for Heart Sound. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Signal Processing and Networking (WiSPNET), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiSPNET.2016.7566396"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monika, V., Bommi, R., Prabu, L.H., Murali, M., and Nirmala, S. (2017, January 14\u201316). Embedded Stethoscope for Real Time Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Computing Research (ICCIC), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCIC.2017.8524281"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2012-007","article-title":"The promise of computer-assisted auscultation in screening for structural heart disease and clinical teaching","volume":"23","author":"Zuhlke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. J. Afr."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.-C., Han, C.-C., Chang, C.-S., Chang, F.-L., Chen, S.-F., Shieh, T.-Y., Chen, H.-M., and Lin, J.-Y. (2022). Development of an Electronic Stethoscope and a Classification Algorithm for Cardiopulmonary Sounds. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22114263"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.54987","article-title":"Lung Auscultation of Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia via a Wireless Stethoscope","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simeone, S., Condit, D., and Nadler, E. (2022). Do Not Give Up Your Stethoscopes Yet\u2014Telemedicine for Chronic Respiratory Diseases in the Era of COVID-19. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020222"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3109\/03091902.2015.1116633","article-title":"Development of digital stethoscope for telemedicine","volume":"40","author":"Lakhe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"McMehan, C., So, P., Li, K.F., Jasechko, G., and Poulin, M. (2010). Electronic Stethoscope for eHealth and Telemedicine. CMBES Proc., 33."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1258\/1357633011937218","article-title":"Some successes and limitations with telehealth in Canada","volume":"7","author":"Hailey","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poon, Z., and Tan, N.C. (2022). A qualitative research study of primary care physicians\u2019 views of telehealth in delivering postnatal care to women. BMC Prim. Care, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-022-01813-9"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.2196\/mhealth.3303","article-title":"Application of Telemedicine in Orthopedic Surgery in Singapore: A Pilot Study on a Secure, Mobile Telehealth Application and Messaging Platform","volume":"2","author":"Daruwalla","year":"2014","journal-title":"JMIR MHealth UHealth"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Ying, N.L., Kin, W., Han, L.C., Tiong, C., and Ali, K. (2020). Rapid Transition to a Telemedicine Service at Singapore Community Dialysis Centers During COVID-19. NEJM Catal. Innov. Care Deliv."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2016.07.012","article-title":"Telemedicine is as effective as in-person visits for patients with asthma","volume":"117","author":"Portnoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0335","article-title":"Telemedicine Reduces Absence Resulting from Illness in Urban Child Care: Evaluation of an Innovation","volume":"115","author":"McConnochie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.5.1088","article-title":"Effectiveness of School-Based Telehealth Care in Urban and Rural Elementary Schools","volume":"112","author":"Young","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-021-03868-5","article-title":"Telemedicine for Asthma Follow-up in Children During COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"88","author":"Jain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2020.473","article-title":"Telemedicine Use in Disasters: A Scoping Review","volume":"16","author":"Litvak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disaster Med. Public Health Prep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2014.9983","article-title":"Telemedicine and e-Health in Disaster Response","volume":"20","author":"Doarn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Telemed. E-Health"},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"649","article-title":"Ethical, Legal, and Social Challenges in the Development and Implementation of Disaster Telemedicine | Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness","volume":"15","author":"Tedeschi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Camb. Core"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41394-020-0309-2","article-title":"Provision of care through telemedicine during a natural disaster: A case study","volume":"6","author":"Pasipanodya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spinal Cord Ser. Cases"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16407","DOI":"10.2196\/16407","article-title":"Barriers and Facilitators That Influence Telemedicine-Based, Real-Time, Online Consultation at Patients\u2019 Homes: Systematic Literature Review","volume":"22","author":"Almathami","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2015.0035","article-title":"A Telemedicine-Based Intervention Reduces the Frequency and Severity of COPD Exacerbation Symptoms: A Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"22","author":"Cordova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Telemed. E-Health"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-3031","article-title":"The Costs of Critical Care Telemedicine Programs","volume":"143","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.15265\/IY-2016-012","article-title":"Unintended Consequences of Tele Health and their Possible Solutions","volume":"25","author":"Maeder","year":"2016","journal-title":"Yearb. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2021.09.076","article-title":"Non-invasive devices for respiratory sound monitoring","volume":"192","author":"Troncoso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Chen, Z., Chen, D., Xue, L., and Chen, L. (2019). Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-020-0225-7","article-title":"Precision wearable accelerometer contact microphones for longitudinal monitoring of mechano-acoustic cardiopulmonary signals","volume":"3","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yilmaz, G., Rapin, M., Pessoa, D., Rocha, B.M., de Sousa, A.M., Rusconi, R., Carvalho, P., Wacker, J., Paiva, R.P., and Ch\u00e9telat, O. (2020). A Wearable Stethoscope for Long-Term Ambulatory Respiratory Health Monitoring. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185124"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klum, M., Leib, F., Oberschelp, C., Martens, D., Pielmus, A.-G., Tigges, T., Penzel, T., and Orglmeister, R. (2019, January 23\u201327). Wearable Multimodal Stethoscope Patch for Wireless Biosignal Acquisition and Long-Term Auscultation. Proceedings of the 2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Berlin, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2019.8857210"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2022.28.1.3","article-title":"Review of Smart Hospital Services in Real Healthcare Environments","volume":"28","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Inform. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, S., Kim, S., Kim, E., Jung, E., Lee, K.-H., and Hwang, H. (2018). Real-time location system-based asset tracking in the healthcare field: Lessons learned from a feasibility study. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-018-0656-0"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotcps.2022.04.001","article-title":"Medical 4.0 technologies for healthcare: Features, capabilities, and applications","volume":"2","author":"Haleem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Internet Things Cyber-Phys. Syst."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919985","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2022.919985","article-title":"Transforming healthcare through a digital revolution: A review of digital healthcare technologies and solutions","volume":"4","author":"Naik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Katarzyna, M. (2022, December 20). Publication\u2014The Use of an Electronic Stethoscope with Dedicated Software for Cardiovascular Screening of Patients Prepared for Hip Replacement\u2014Military University of Technology. Available online: https:\/\/repo.bg.wat.edu.pl\/info\/article\/WAT3c94e78bbb334edc84b4ba223fa67545\/."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.4103\/ija.ija_305_22","article-title":"Evaluation of the electronic stethoscope (FONODOC) as a cardiac screening tool during the preoperative evaluation of children","volume":"66","author":"Nileshwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"085111","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5018006","article-title":"Analyzing the audio signals of degenerative arthritis with an electronic stethoscope","volume":"89","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15028","article-title":"Tools to assess lung aeration in neonates with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"109","author":"King","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2022.04.032","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Based Stethoscope for the Diagnosis of Aortic Stenosis","volume":"135","author":"Ghanayim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1109\/THMS.2015.2408615","article-title":"Dysphagia Screening: Contributions of Cervical Auscultation Signals and Modern Signal-Processing Techniques","volume":"45","author":"Dudik","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Hum.-Mach. Syst."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Y., Xu, X., Yu, Q., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, J., and Wang, G. (2019, January 17\u201319). LungBRN: A Smart Digital Stethoscope for Detecting Respiratory Disease Using bi-ResNet Deep Learning Algorithm. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), Nara, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/BIOCAS.2019.8919021"}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/9\/1545\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:23:32Z","timestamp":1760124212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/9\/1545"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13091545"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13091545","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]}}}