{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T10:45:21Z","timestamp":1785494721787,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiological disorder, defined by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) &gt; 20 mmHg at rest, as assessed by right heart catheterization (RHC). PH is not a specific disease, as it may be observed in multiple clinical conditions and may complicate a variety of thoracic diseases. Conditions associated with the risk of developing PH are categorized into five different groups, according to similar clinical presentations, pathological findings, hemodynamic characteristics, and treatment strategy. Most chronic lung diseases that may be complicated by PH belong to group 3 (interstitial lung diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, combined pulmonary fibrosis, and emphysema) and are associated with the lowest overall survival among all groups. However, some of the chronic pulmonary diseases may develop PH with unclear\/multifactorial mechanisms and are included in group 5 PH (sarcoidosis, pulmonary Langerhans\u2019 cell histiocytosis, and neurofibromatosis type 1). This paper focuses on PH associated with chronic lung diseases, in which radiological imaging\u2014particularly computed tomography (CT)\u2014plays a crucial role in diagnosis and classification. Radiologists should become familiar with the hemodynamical, physiological, and radiological aspects of PH and chronic lung diseases in patients at risk of developing PH, whose prognosis and treatment depend on the underlying disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13091607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T12:08:31Z","timestamp":1682942911000},"page":"1607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Lung Diseases: What Role Do Radiologists Play?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3375-678X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adele","family":"Valentini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Franchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, G. Mazzini Hospital, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8714-3124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Cicchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiodiagnostic Center, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-5305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Messana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8633-9640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greta","family":"Chiffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secton of Radiology, Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0506-0083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Strappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secton of Radiology, Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"Calandriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiodiagnostic Center, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7172-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annemilia","family":"del Ciello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiodiagnostic Center, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5504-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Farchione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiodiagnostic Center, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5479-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Preda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Unit, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic, and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1882-6244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Larici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Radiodiagnostic Center, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncological Radiotherapy and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Secton of Radiology, Department of Radiological and Hematological Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3618","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac237","article-title":"ESC\/ERS Scientific Document Group 2022 ESC\/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension","volume":"43","author":"Humbert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004455","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.04455-2020","article-title":"Imaging of pulmonary hypertension in adults: A position paper from the Fleischner Society","volume":"57","author":"Ryerson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. 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