{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:31:16Z","timestamp":1791250276992,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2022R1I1A1A01062755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022R1I1A1A01062755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intubated patients in intensive care units (ICUs) too frequently contract ventilator-associated pneumonia or Candida infections. Oropharyngeal microbes are believed to play an important etiologic role. This study was undertaken to determine whether next-generation sequencing (NGS) can be used to simultaneously analyze bacterial and fungal communities. Buccal samples were collected from intubated ICU patients. Primers targeting the V1-V2 region of bacterial 16S rRNA and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of fungal 18S rRNA were used. V1-V2, ITS2, or mixed V1-V2\/ITS2 primers were used to prepare an NGS library. Bacterial and fungal relative abundances were comparable for V1-V2, ITS2, or mixed V1-V2\/ITS2 primers, respectively. A standard microbial community was used to adjust the relative abundances to theoretical abundance, and NGS and RT-PCR-adjusted relative abundances showed a high correlation. Using mixed V1-V2\/ITS2 primers, bacterial and fungal abundances were simultaneously determined. The constructed microbiome network revealed novel interkingdom and intrakingdom interactions, and the simultaneous detection of bacterial and fungal communities using mixed V1-V2\/ITS2 primers enabled analysis across two kingdoms. This study provides a novel approach to simultaneously determining bacterial and fungal communities using mixed V1-V2\/ITS2 primers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13101784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]],"date-time":"2023-05-18T06:32:58Z","timestamp":1684391578000},"page":"1784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Simultaneous Analysis of Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Oral Samples from Intubated Patients in Intensive Care Unit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuri","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1773-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myoung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, College of Natural Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6859-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Dental Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3246-4681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hee Sam","family":"Na","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Oral Genomics Research Center, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Dental Research Institute, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2004.06.005","article-title":"The role of oral microbial colonization in ventilator-associated pneumonia","volume":"98","author":"Brennan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral Surg. 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