{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T17:29:36Z","timestamp":1791480576649,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]],"date-time":"2023-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684886400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Primary infection has been questioned as the pathogenetic cause of acute appendicitis. We attempted to identify the bacteria involved and to investigate if their species, types, or combinations affected the severity of acute appendicitis in children. Methods: Samples from both the appendiceal lumen and the peritoneal cavity of 72 children who underwent appendectomy were collected to perform bacterial culture analysis. The outcomes were studied to identify if and how they were associated with the severity of the disease. Regression analysis was performed to identify any risk factors associated with complicated appendicitis. Results: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus species were the most common pathogens found in the study population. The same microorganisms, either combined or separate, were the most common in the appendiceal lumen and the peritoneal cavity of patients with complicated appendicitis. Gram-negative bacteria and polymicrobial cultures in the peritoneal fluid and in the appendiceal lumen were associated with complicated appendicitis. Polymicrobial cultures in the peritoneal cavity presented a four times higher risk of complicated appendicitis. Conclusions: Polymicrobial presentation and Gram-negative bacteria are associated with complicated appendicitis. Antibiotic regimens should target the combinations of the most frequently identified pathogens, speculating the value of early antipseudomonal intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T01:36:28Z","timestamp":1684978588000},"page":"1839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Association of the Bacteria of the Vermiform Appendix and the Peritoneal Cavity with Complicated Acute Appendicitis in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0508-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Zachos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital, 26331 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fevronia","family":"Kolonitsiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6800-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Panagidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital, 26331 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Despoina","family":"Gkentzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7617-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sotirios","family":"Fouzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasileios","family":"Alexopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital, 26331 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7051-7537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini","family":"Kostopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stylianos","family":"Roupakias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5322-871X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aggeliki","family":"Vervenioti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore","family":"Dassios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Georgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital, 26331 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0878-0668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xenophon","family":"Sinopidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmu036","article-title":"Studies of the symptom abdominal pain\u2014A systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"31","author":"Viniol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fam. 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