{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T15:48:54Z","timestamp":1788191334466,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Urinary tract infection is one of the most common bacterial infections and can cause major burdens, not only to individuals but also to an entire society. Current knowledge of the microbial communities in the urinary tract has increased exponentially due to next-generation sequencing and expanded quantitative urine culture. We now acknowledge a dynamic urinary tract microbiome that we once thought was sterile. Taxonomic studies have identified the normal core microbiota of the urinary tract, and studies on the changes in microbiome due to sexuality and age have set the foundation for microbiome studies in pathologic states. Urinary tract infection is not only caused by invading uropathogenic bacteria but also by changes to the uromicrobiome milieu, and interactions with other microbial communities can also contribute. Recent studies have provided insights into the pathogenesis of recurrent urinary tract infections and antimicrobial resistance. New therapeutic options for urinary tract infections also show promise; however, further research is needed to fully understand the implications of the urinary microbiome in urinary tract infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]],"date-time":"2023-05-31T04:40:51Z","timestamp":1685508051000},"page":"1921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Urinary Tract Infection and Microbiome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5696-0671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Woo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-03071-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of urological infections: A global burden","volume":"38","author":"Ozturk","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888205","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.888205","article-title":"Disease burden and long-term trends of urinary tract infections: A worldwide report","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab591","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab591","article-title":"Descriptive Epidemiology and Outcomes of Hospitalizations With Complicated Urinary Tract Infections in the United States, 2018","volume":"9","author":"Zilberberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020251","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020251","article-title":"Cost of hospitalised patients due to complicated urinary tract infections: A retrospective observational study in countries with high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: The COMBACTE-MAGNET, RESCUING study","volume":"8","author":"Pujol","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2018.06.011","article-title":"The Urinary Tract Microbiome: The Answer to All Our Open Questions?","volume":"5","author":"Magistro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02876-13","article-title":"Urine is not sterile: Use of enhanced urine culture techniques to detect resident bacterial flora in the adult female bladder","volume":"52","author":"Hilt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00218-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00218-20","article-title":"Advances in Understanding the Human Urinary Microbiome and Its Potential Role in Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"11","author":"Neugent","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roth, R.S., Liden, M., and Huttner, A. (2022). The urobiome in men and women: A clinical review. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.08.010"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.4111\/icu.20210312","article-title":"Urobiome: An outlook on the metagenome of urological diseases","volume":"62","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Clin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127010","article-title":"The urinary microbiome and biological therapeutics: Novel therapies for urinary tract infections","volume":"259","author":"Kenneally","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-022-01108-7","article-title":"A Perspective of the Urinary Microbiome in Lower Urinary Tract Infections\u2014A Review","volume":"23","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105295","article-title":"The urobiome, urinary tract infections, and the need for alternative therapeutics","volume":"161","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garofalo, L., Nakama, C., Hanes, D., and Zwickey, H. (2022). Whole-Person, Urobiome-Centric Therapy for Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11020218"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mestrovic, T., Matijasic, M., Peric, M., Cipcic Paljetak, H., Baresic, A., and Verbanac, D. (2020). The Role of Gut, Vaginal, and Urinary Microbiome in Urinary Tract Infections: From Bench to Bedside. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11010007"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"CD010723","article-title":"Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infection in people with neuropathic bladder","volume":"9","author":"Toh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2022.22119","article-title":"Intestinal Microbiota Correction in the Treatment and Prevention of Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"48","author":"Sturov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2018.48742","article-title":"The role of probiotics in women with recurrent urinary tract infections","volume":"44","author":"Akgul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2014.0103","article-title":"The history of probiotics: The untold story","volume":"6","author":"Ozen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12706","article-title":"History of biological warfare and bioterrorism","volume":"20","author":"Barras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3182","article-title":"The human microbiome: At the interface of health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The human microbiome project","volume":"449","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05852-11","article-title":"Evidence of uncultivated bacteria in the adult female bladder","volume":"50","author":"Wolfe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-174","article-title":"Integrated next-generation sequencing of 16S rDNA and metaproteomics differentiate the healthy urine microbiome from asymptomatic bacteriuria in neuropathic bladder associated with spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Fouts","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.07.016","article-title":"Large-Scale Analyses of Human Microbiomes Reveal Thousands of Small, Novel Genes","volume":"178","author":"Sberro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00204-19","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00204-19","article-title":"Utility of DNA Next-Generation Sequencing and Expanded Quantitative Urine Culture in Diagnosis and Management of Chronic or Persistent Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms","volume":"58","author":"Gasiorek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00044-16","article-title":"The Clinical Urine Culture: Enhanced Techniques Improve Detection of Clinically Relevant Microorganisms","volume":"54","author":"Price","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siddiqui, H., Nederbragt, A.J., Lagesen, K., Jeansson, S.L., and Jakobsen, K.S. (2011). Assessing diversity of the female urine microbiota by high throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA amplicons. BMC Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-244"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00475-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00475-20","article-title":"Temporal Dynamics of the Adult Female Lower Urinary Tract Microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Price","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15920","article-title":"The urobiome of continent adult women: A cross-sectional study","volume":"127","author":"Price","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, D.E., Van Der Pol, B., Dong, Q., Revanna, K.V., Fan, B., Easwaran, S., Sodergren, E., Weinstock, G.M., Diao, L., and Fortenberry, J.D. (2010). Characteristic male urine microbiomes associate with asymptomatic sexually transmitted infection. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014116"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Q., Nelson, D.E., Toh, E., Diao, L., Gao, X., Fortenberry, J.D., and Van der Pol, B. (2011). The microbial communities in male first catch urine are highly similar to those in paired urethral swab specimens. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019709"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nelson, D.E., Dong, Q., Van der Pol, B., Toh, E., Fan, B., Katz, B.P., Mi, D., Rong, R., Weinstock, G.M., and Sodergren, E. (2012). Bacterial communities of the coronal sulcus and distal urethra of adolescent males. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036298"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frolund, M., Wikstrom, A., Lidbrink, P., Abu Al-Soud, W., Larsen, N., Harder, C.B., Sorensen, S.J., Jensen, J.S., and Ahrens, P. (2018). The bacterial microbiota in first-void urine from men with and without idiopathic urethritis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201380"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00041","article-title":"The human urinary microbiome; bacterial DNA in voided urine of asymptomatic adults","volume":"3","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S.H., and Jung, S.I. (2022). The Potential Role of Urinary Microbiome in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia\/Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12081862"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22660-8","article-title":"Microbial metagenome of urinary tract infection","volume":"8","author":"Moustafa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659450","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.659450","article-title":"The Good and the Bad: Ecological Interaction Measurements Between the Urinary Microbiota and Uropathogens","volume":"12","author":"Zandbergen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01064-01013","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01064-13","article-title":"Single clinical isolates from acute uncomplicated urinary tract infections are representative of dominant in situ populations","volume":"5","author":"Willner","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02094","article-title":"Genomic Survey of E. coli From the Bladders of Women With and Without Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Garretto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02452-13","article-title":"Rapid whole-genome sequencing for detection and characterization of microorganisms directly from clinical samples","volume":"52","author":"Hasman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"14","article-title":"The human urine virome in association with urinary tract infections","volume":"6","author":"Ly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-02764-0","article-title":"Urinary fungi associated with urinary symptom severity among women with interstitial cystitis\/bladder pain syndrome (IC\/BPS)","volume":"38","author":"Nickel","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562525","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.562525","article-title":"Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: Unraveling the Complicated Environment of Uncomplicated rUTIs","volume":"11","author":"Krogh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-018-3767-3","article-title":"Urinary microbes and postoperative urinary tract infection risk in urogynecologic surgical patients","volume":"29","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Urogynecol. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13467-w","article-title":"Gut uropathogen abundance is a risk factor for development of bacteriuria and urinary tract infection","volume":"10","author":"Magruder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urols.2013.11.007","article-title":"Recurrent urinary tract infections in healthy and nonpregnant women","volume":"25","author":"Glover","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11571-5","article-title":"Population dynamics of an Escherichia coli ST131 lineage during recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"10","author":"Forde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hannan, T.J., Mysorekar, I.U., Hung, C.S., Isaacson-Schmid, M.L., and Hultgren, S.J. (2010). Early severe inflammatory responses to uropathogenic E. coli predispose to chronic and recurrent urinary tract infection. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001042"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosen, D.A., Hooton, T.M., Stamm, W.E., Humphrey, P.A., and Hultgren, S.J. (2007). Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040329"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.04.008","article-title":"Direct Detection of Tissue-Resident Bacteria and Chronic Inflammation in the Bladder Wall of Postmenopausal Women with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"431","author":"Neugent","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.89a.22008","article-title":"Diagnostic stewardship for urinary tract infection: A snapshot of the expert guidance","volume":"89","author":"Werneburg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cleve Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa280","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infections as a Continuum: Implications for Diagnostic and Antibiotic Stewardship","volume":"72","author":"Trautner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","article-title":"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"74","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0305-3","article-title":"The urinary microbiota of men and women and its changes in women during bacterial vaginosis and antibiotic treatment","volume":"5","author":"Gottschick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mulder, M., Radjabzadeh, D., Hassing, R.J., Heeringa, J., Uitterlinden, A.G., Kraaij, R., Stricker, B.H., and Verbon, A. (2019). The effect of antimicrobial drug use on the composition of the genitourinary microbiota in an elderly population. BMC Microbiol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1379-1"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir183","article-title":"Randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of a Lactobacillus crispatus probiotic given intravaginally for prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"52","author":"Stapleton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1915254","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Lactin-V to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis","volume":"382","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40304-3","article-title":"Detection of vaginal lactobacilli as probiotic candidates","volume":"9","author":"Pino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Tapiainen, T. (2023, March 30). Preventing Urinary Tract Infections with E. coli Nissle, Available online: https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\/show\/NCT04608851."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01470-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01470-20","article-title":"Probiotic Properties of Escherichia coli Nissle in Human Intestinal Organoids","volume":"11","author":"Pradhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"CD008772","article-title":"Probiotics for preventing urinary tract infections in adults and children","volume":"2015","author":"Schwenger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.03.024","article-title":"Escherichia coli 83972 bacteriuria protects against recurrent lower urinary tract infections in patients with incomplete bladder emptying","volume":"184","author":"Sunden","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.03.062","article-title":"Multicenter randomized controlled trial of bacterial interference for prevention of urinary tract infection in patients with neurogenic bladder","volume":"78","author":"Darouiche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1975.tb03860.x","article-title":"Asymptomatic bacteriuria in schoolgirls. II. Differences in escherichia coli causing asymptomatic bacteriuria","volume":"64","author":"Lindberg","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.74.1.781-785.2006","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the Escherichia coli asymptomatic bacteriuria strain 83972: The taming of a pathogen","volume":"74","author":"Klemm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis639","article-title":"Bacterial interference for prevention of urinary tract infection","volume":"55","author":"Darouiche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Bonkat, G., Pickard, R., Bartoletti, R., Bruy\u00e8re, F., Geerlings, S.E., Wagenlehner, F., Cai, T., K\u00f6ves, B., Pilatz, A., and Pradere, B. (2023, March 30). EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections, European Association of Urology. Available online: https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/urological-infections\/chapter\/the-guideline."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1854640","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of diseases other than Clostridium difficile infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix618","article-title":"Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection Reduces Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Frequency","volume":"65","author":"Tariq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1190-9","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation in a kidney transplant recipient with recurrent urinary tract infection","volume":"46","author":"Biehl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-020-00365-8","article-title":"rUTI Resolution After FMT for Clostridioides difficile Infection: A Case Report","volume":"10","author":"Aira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00036-06","article-title":"Colicin biology","volume":"71","author":"Cascales","year":"2007","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki228","article-title":"Colicins prevent colonization of urinary catheters","volume":"56","author":"Trautner","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.07.004","article-title":"Evaluation of the potential of colicins to prevent extraluminal contamination of urinary catheters by Escherichia coli","volume":"54","author":"Roy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-019-00750-y","article-title":"Managing urinary tract infections through phage therapy: A novel approach","volume":"65","author":"Malik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol. (Praha)"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2010.02521.x","article-title":"Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in the urinary tract of men with urethritis","volume":"17","author":"Shigehara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-019-0192-4","article-title":"Bacteriophages of the lower urinary tract","volume":"16","author":"Garretto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30330-3","article-title":"Intravesical bacteriophages for treating urinary tract infections in patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate: A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"21","author":"Leitner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/11\/1921\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:45:54Z","timestamp":1760125554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/11\/1921"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13111921"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13111921","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,31]]}}}