{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T21:01:31Z","timestamp":1777064491671,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) is an alternative to surgery for acute cholecystitis (AC) in poor operative candidates. However, the role of EUS-GBD in non-cholecystitis (NC) indications has not been well studied. We compared the clinical outcomes of EUS-GBD for AC and NC indications. Consecutive patients undergoing EUS-GBD for all indications at a single center were retrospectively analyzed. Fifty-one patients underwent EUS-GBD during the study period. Thirty-nine (76%) patients had AC while 12 (24%) had NC indications. NC indications included malignant biliary obstruction (n = 8), symptomatic cholelithiasis (n = 1), gallstone pancreatitis (n = 1), choledocholithiasis (n = 1), and Mirizzi\u2019s syndrome (n = 1). Technical success was noted in 92% (36\/39) for AC and 92% (11\/12) for NC (p &gt; 0.99). The clinical success rate was 94% and 100%, respectively (p &gt; 0.99). There were four adverse events in the AC group and 3 in the NC group (p = 0.33). Procedure duration (median 43 vs. 45 min, p = 0.37), post-procedure length of stay (median 3 vs. 3 days, p = 0.97), and total gallbladder-related procedures (median 2 vs. 2, p = 0.59) were similar. EUS-GBD for NC indications is similarly safe and effective as EUS-GBD in AC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13111933","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T02:12:45Z","timestamp":1685585565000},"page":"1933","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Gallbladder Drainage: Beyond Cholecystitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Koutlas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section on Gastroenterology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Swati","family":"Pawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section on Gastroenterology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0270-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greg","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6452-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rishi","family":"Pawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Section on Gastroenterology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2021.101130","article-title":"Gallbladder Disorders: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"67","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis. Mon."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.516","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: Flowchart for the management of acute cholecystitis","volume":"25","author":"Okamoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2020.09.040","article-title":"Comparison of EUS-guided endoscopic transpapillary and percutaneous gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis: A systematic review with network meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Podboy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Fingar, K.R., Stocks, C., Weiss, A.J., and Steiner, C.A. (2006). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/jhbp.504","article-title":"Tokyo Guidelines 2018: Management strategies for gallbladder drainage in patients with acute cholecystitis (with videos)","volume":"25","author":"Mori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"299","article-title":"Percutaneous cholecystostomy in acute cholecystitis in high-risk patients: An analysis of 69 patients","volume":"83","author":"Kiviniemi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689900416","article-title":"Is percutaneous cholecystostomy the optimal treatment for acute cholecystitis in the very elderly?","volume":"22","author":"Sugiyama","year":"1998","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820939","article-title":"Percutaneous cholecystostomy: A valuable technique in high-risk patients with presumed acute cholecystitis","volume":"82","author":"Melin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2021.05.031","article-title":"Endoscopic therapies for gallbladder drainage","volume":"94","author":"Saumoy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"263","article-title":"The efficacy of percutaneous cholecystostomy in critically ill patients","volume":"62","author":"Hultman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.134.7.727","article-title":"Effective use of percutaneous cholecystostomy in high-risk surgical patients: Techniques, tube management, and results","volume":"134","author":"Davis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.4103\/eus.eus_41_19","article-title":"EUS-guided gallbladder drainage: A review of current practices and procedures","volume":"8","author":"James","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.07.041","article-title":"Endoscopic transduodenal drainage of the gallbladder: Implications for endoluminal treatment of gallbladder disease","volume":"65","author":"Baron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2011.10.020","article-title":"Clinical evaluation of a novel lumen-apposing metal stent for endosonography-guided pancreatic pseudocyst and gallbladder drainage (with videos)","volume":"75","author":"Itoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-021-08318-z","article-title":"EUS-guided gallbladder drainage in high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis-procedure outcomes and evaluation of mortality predictors","volume":"36","author":"Lisotti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irani, S.S., Sharma, N.R., Storm, A.C., Shah, R.J., Chahal, P., Willingham, F.F.M., Swanstrom, L., Baron, T.H., Shlomovitz, E., and Kozarek, R.A. (Ann. Surg., 2022). EUS-guided Transluminal Gallbladder Drainage in Patients with Acute Cholecystitis: A Prospective Multicenter Trial, Ann. Surg., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000005784"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E92","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1005-6602","article-title":"EUS-guided gallbladder drainage: A learning curve modified by technical progress","volume":"8","author":"Tyberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endosc. Int. Open"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vgie.2020.07.009","article-title":"Safety of EUS-guided gallbladder drainage using a lumen-apposing metal stent in patients requiring anticoagulation","volume":"5","author":"Vozzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"VideoGIE"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4964","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-020-07758-3","article-title":"Endoscopic gallbladder drainage for symptomatic gallbladder disease: A cumulative systematic review meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"McCarty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-319996","article-title":"Endosonography-guided gallbladder drainage versus percutaneous cholecystostomy in very high-risk surgical patients with acute cholecystitis: An international randomised multicentre controlled superiority trial (DRAC 1)","volume":"69","author":"Teoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2015.12.024","article-title":"EUS-guided gallbladder drainage for rescue treatment of malignant distal biliary obstruction after unsuccessful ERCP","volume":"84","author":"Imai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.4103\/eus.eus_49_19","article-title":"Outcomes and limitations in EUS-guided gallbladder drainage","volume":"8","author":"Teoh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.4103\/EUS-D-21-00040","article-title":"Outcomes of EUS-guided transluminal gallbladder drainage in patients without cholecystitis","volume":"10","author":"Flynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.10.027","article-title":"A lexicon for endoscopic adverse events: Report of an ASGE workshop","volume":"71","author":"Cotton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-022-01726-1","article-title":"Cholecystocolonic fistula following endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage for stump cholecystitis","volume":"16","author":"Koutlas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1365720","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after endoscopic ultrasonography-guided gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis","volume":"46","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309925","article-title":"EUS-guided gall bladder drainage with a lumen-apposing metal stent: A prospective long-term evaluation","volume":"65","author":"Walter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2017.02.027","article-title":"EUS-guided gallbladder drainage in patients with acute cholecystitis and high surgical risk using an electrocautery-enhanced lumen-apposing metal stent device","volume":"86","author":"Dollhopf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastrointest. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.021","article-title":"International collaborative study on EUS-guided gallbladder drainage: Are we ready for prime time?","volume":"48","author":"Kahaleh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1259-0349","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage as a rescue therapy for unresectable malignant biliary obstruction: A multicenter experience","volume":"53","author":"Issa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endoscopy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamal, F., Khan, M.A., Lee-Smith, W., Sharma, S., Acharya, A., Farooq, U., Aziz, M., Kouanda, A., Dai, S.-C., and Munroe, C.A. (2023). Efficacy and safety of EUS-guided gallbladder drainage for rescue treatment of malignant biliary obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc. Ultrasound., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.4103\/EUS-D-21-00206"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.4103\/eus.eus_80_19","article-title":"EUS-guided biliary drainage: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Dhindsa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endosc. Ultrasound."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/11\/1933\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:46:50Z","timestamp":1760125610000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/11\/1933"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13111933"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13111933","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}