{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:17:02Z","timestamp":1760149022904,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the University Medicine Network 2.0","award":["01KX2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KX2021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>PURPOSE: To implement the technical feasibility of an AI-based software prototype optimized for the detection of COVID-19 pneumonia in CT datasets of the lung and the differentiation between other etiologies of pneumonia. METHODS: This single-center retrospective case\u2013control-study consecutively yielded 144 patients (58 female, mean age 57.72 \u00b1 18.25 y) with CT datasets of the lung. Subgroups including confirmed bacterial (n = 24, 16.6%), viral (n = 52, 36.1%), or fungal (n = 25, 16.6%) pneumonia and (n = 43, 30.7%) patients without detected pneumonia (comparison group) were evaluated using the AI-based Pneumonia Analysis prototype. Scoring (extent, etiology) was compared to reader assessment. RESULTS: The software achieved an optimal sensitivity of 80.8% with a specificity of 50% for the detection of COVID-19; however, the human radiologist achieved optimal sensitivity of 80.8% and a specificity of 97.2%. The mean postprocessing time was 7.61 \u00b1 4.22 min. The use of a contrast agent did not influence the results of the software (p = 0.81). The mean evaluated COVID-19 probability is 0.80 \u00b1 0.36 significantly higher in COVID-19 patients than in patients with fungal pneumonia (p &lt; 0.05) and bacterial pneumonia (p &lt; 0.001). The mean percentage of opacity (PO) and percentage of high opacity (PHO \u2265 \u2212200 HU) were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients than in healthy patients. However, the total mean HU in COVID-19 patients was \u2212679.57 \u00b1 112.72, which is significantly higher than in the healthy control group (p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: The detection and quantification of pneumonia beyond the primarily trained COVID-19 datasets is possible and shows comparable results for COVID-19 pneumonia to an experienced reader. The advantages are the fast, automated segmentation and quantification of the pneumonia foci.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13122129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,21]],"date-time":"2023-06-21T01:35:11Z","timestamp":1687311311000},"page":"2129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative Evaluation of COVID-19 Pneumonia CT Using AI Analysis\u2014Feasibility and Differentiation from Other Common Pneumonia Forms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Una","family":"Ebong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susanne Martina","family":"B\u00fcttner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-4542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan A.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franziska","family":"Flack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Collaborations Siemens Healthcare GmbH Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Korf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Collaborations Siemens Healthcare GmbH Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4882-6816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical Centre of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6669-3741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beate","family":"Gr\u00fcner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical Centre of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Stenger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9878-3119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Stamminger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4759-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"Kestler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7523-1979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meinrad","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Kloth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3303","DOI":"10.1002\/jgm.3303","article-title":"COVID-19: Virology, biology and novel laboratory diagnosis","volume":"23","author":"Mohamadian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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Exp."}],"container-title":["Diagnostics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/12\/2129\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T19:57:32Z","timestamp":1760126252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4418\/13\/12\/2129"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["diagnostics13122129"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics13122129","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4418"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4418"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]}}}