{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:38:47Z","timestamp":1787027927897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]],"date-time":"2023-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a disorder in which ventilation becomes disrupted due to a complete or partial upper airway obstruction Altered craniofacial morphology is one of the most important anatomical factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Studies have assessed craniofacial features in the non-syndromic pediatric population. The aim of this study was to analyze the orthodontic and facial characteristic of craniofacial syndromic children referred for polysomnography (PSG) and to assess the correlation with the apnea\u2013hypopnea index (AHI). Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, consecutive syndromic patients referred for PSG were invited to participate. A systematic clinical examination including extra- and intra-oral orthodontic examination was performed by calibrated orthodontists. Standardized frontal and profile photographs with reference points were taken and analyzed using ImageJ\u00ae software to study the craniofacial morphology. PSG data were analyzed for correlation with craniofacial features. STROBE guidelines were strictly adopted during the research presentation. Results: The sample included 52 syndromic patients (50% females, mean age 9.38 \u00b1 3.36 years) diagnosed with 17 different syndromes, of which 24 patients had craniofacial photography analysis carried out. Most of the sample (40%) had severe OSA, while only 5.8% had no OSA. Down\u2019s syndrome (DS) was the most common syndrome (40%) followed by Goldenhar syndrome (5%), Pierre Robin Sequence (5%), and other syndromes. The severity of AHI was significantly correlated with decreased midfacial height. increased thyromental angle and cervicomental angle, decreased mandibular angle, and decreased upper facial height. All patients with DS were diagnosed with OSA (57% severe OSA), and their ODI was significantly correlated with increased intercanthal distance. Obesity was not correlated to the severity of AHI for syndromic patients. Conclusions: Decreased midfacial height and obtuse thyromental angle were correlated with increased AHI for syndromic patients. Increased intercanthal distance of DS patients could be a major predictor of OSA severity. Obesity does not seem to play a major role in the severity of OSA for syndromic patients. Further studies with larger samples are necessary to confirm these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13132213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,30]],"date-time":"2023-06-30T00:51:06Z","timestamp":1688086266000},"page":"2213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Orthodontic and Facial Characteristics of Craniofacial Syndromic Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Suliman","family":"Alsaeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventive Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 14611, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Ministry of the National Guard\u2014Health Affairs, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montreal, QC 2001, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wensley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC 2312, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC 2199, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4418-349X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mona M.","family":"Hamoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC 2199, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Ayers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC 2199, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Sutherland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research Group, Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Sleep Health and Research, Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda R.","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC 2199, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2015.01.023","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnoea in craniofacial microsomia: A systematic review","volume":"44","author":"Caron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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